MindMap Gallery Medical Physiology Respiration
This is a mind map about medical physiological respiration. Respiration is the gas exchange process between the body and the external environment, including pulmonary ventilation, lung ventilation and tissue ventilation.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
breathe
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between the body and the external environment
pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange process of gases between the external atmosphere and the alveoli
Principles of pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation power
respiratory movements
Abdominal breathing and chest breathing
Breathe calmly and breathe hard
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
resistance to pulmonary ventilation
elastic resistance and adaptability
Compliance
When inhaling the same volume of gas, only a small change in pulmonary transpressure is required, and the lung adaptability is greater.
Sources of pulmonary elastic resistance
pulmonary surfactant
Dipalmitoyl Lecithin DPPC
Reduce lung surface tension and reduce alveolar recoil force
Maintain the stability of alveoli of different sizes
Alveolar radius becomes smaller and stability increases
Prevent pulmonary edema
inelastic resistance
transmural pressure
Traction of the lung parenchyma on the airway wall
Regulation of the autonomic nervous system
The influence of chemical factors
Evaluation of pulmonary ventilation function
lung volume and lung volume
lung volume
tidal volume
Supplementary inspiratory volume
Supplementary expiratory volume
Remaining air volume
Lung capacity
deep inspiratory volume
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
Pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
alveolar ventilation
Lung ventilation and tissue ventilation
Basic principles of gas exchange
diffusion of gas
partial pressure difference of gas
Molecular weight and solubility of gases
temperature
Diffusion area and distance
Partial pressure of respiratory gases and gases in different parts of the human body
Composition and partial pressure of respiratory and alveolar air
Partial pressure of blood gases and tissue gases
lung ventilation
lung ventilation process
Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
thickness of respiratory membrane
The thicker the respiratory membrane, the longer the diffusion time and the smaller the gas exchange volume per unit time.
respiratory membrane area
ventilation/blood flow ratio
When the ratio is 0.8 4, it means the gas exchange rate is high
When the ratio is greater than 0.84, the alveolar dead space is increased
When the ratio is less than 0.84, functional arteriovenous short circuit occurs.
tissue ventilation
Transport of gases in the blood
oxygen transport
Only 15% of oxygen in blood is transported in physically dissolved form, and the remaining 98.5% is transported in chemically combined form.
hemoglobin molecular structure
Characteristics of hemoglobin binding to oxygen
The binding reaction is rapid and reversible
The binding reaction is oxygenation rather than oxidation
Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Hemoglobin oxygen capacity refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that hemoglobin can bind in 100ml of blood.
Hemoglobin oxygen content refers to the amount of oxygen actually bound to hemoglobin in 100ml of blood
Hemoglobin oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin oxygen content to hemoglobin oxygen capacity
The oxygen dissociation curve is S-shaped
oxygen dissociation curve
In the lower and middle sections of the curve is the dissociation process, and in the upper section is the binding process.
The lower segment of the dissociation curve reflects the reserve capacity of blood oxygen supply
The middle section of the dissociation curve reflects the supply of tissue fluid by blood under quiet conditions.
When the reaction in the upper part of the dissociation curve maintains low oxygen partial pressure, the nutrient carrying capacity is high.
Factors Affecting Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Effects of blood pH and carbon dioxide partial pressure
The higher the partial pressure, the curve shifts to the right
Effect of temperature
The higher the temperature, the curve shifts to the right
Effects of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in red blood cells
The higher the concentration, the curve shifts to the right
Effects of carbon monoxide
The more carbon monoxide there is, the curve shifts to the left
transport of carbon dioxide
CO2 transport form
5% is transported in the form of physical dissolution and 95% is transported in the form of chemical combination.
Bicarbonates
carbamoyl hemoglobin
carbon dioxide dissociation curve
Regulation of respiratory movements
The respiratory center and the formation of respiratory rhythm
Medulla oblongata basic respiratory center, pontine respiratory adjustment center
spinal cord
lower brainstem
dorsal respiratory group dorsomedial to medulla oblongata
Ventral respiratory group of ventrolateral medulla oblongata
pontine respiratory group on the dorsal and rostral aspect of the pons
higher brain
reflex regulation of breathing
chemoreceptive respiratory reflex
chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
central chemoreceptor
Regulation of respiratory movements by carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and oxygen
Carbon dioxide stimulates central chemoreceptors and excites the respiratory center
Stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
Increased hydrogen ion concentration leads to deeper and faster respiratory movements, which is achieved by adjusting peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors.
As oxygen intake decreases, respiratory movements deepen and accelerate
pulmonary stretch reflex
Lung expansion inhibits the inspiratory reflex, maintains respiratory rhythm, and stretches the receptors to excite the vagus nerve to the medulla oblongata.
lung collapse reflex
cough reflex
sneeze reflex
Respiratory movement and its regulation under special conditions
Regulation of respiratory movements
Breathing regulation under low pressure and high altitude conditions
Breathing Regulation in Hyperbaric Diving Conditions