respiratory movements

intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

elastic resistance and adaptability

pulmonary surfactant

inelastic resistance

lung volume

Lung capacity

pulmonary ventilation

alveolar ventilation

partial pressure difference of gas

Molecular weight and solubility of gases

temperature

Diffusion area and distance

Composition and partial pressure of respiratory and alveolar air

Partial pressure of blood gases and tissue gases

thickness of respiratory membrane

respiratory membrane area

ventilation/blood flow ratio

The binding reaction is rapid and reversible

The binding reaction is oxygenation rather than oxidation

Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

The oxygen dissociation curve is S-shaped

In the lower and middle sections of the curve is the dissociation process, and in the upper section is the binding process.

The lower segment of the dissociation curve reflects the reserve capacity of blood oxygen supply

The middle section of the dissociation curve reflects the supply of tissue fluid by blood under quiet conditions.

When the reaction in the upper part of the dissociation curve maintains low oxygen partial pressure, the nutrient carrying capacity is high.

Effects of blood pH and carbon dioxide partial pressure

Effect of temperature

Effects of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in red blood cells

Effects of carbon monoxide

5% is transported in the form of physical dissolution and 95% is transported in the form of chemical combination.

Bicarbonates

carbamoyl hemoglobin

dorsal respiratory group dorsomedial to medulla oblongata

Ventral respiratory group of ventrolateral medulla oblongata

pontine respiratory group on the dorsal and rostral aspect of the pons

chemoreceptors

Carbon dioxide stimulates central chemoreceptors and excites the respiratory center

Stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors

Increased hydrogen ion concentration leads to deeper and faster respiratory movements, which is achieved by adjusting peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors.

As oxygen intake decreases, respiratory movements deepen and accelerate

Lung expansion inhibits the inspiratory reflex, maintains respiratory rhythm, and stretches the receptors to excite the vagus nerve to the medulla oblongata.

lung collapse reflex

cough reflex

sneeze reflex

Regulation of respiratory movements

Breathing regulation under low pressure and high altitude conditions

Breathing Regulation in Hyperbaric Diving Conditions