head muscles
facial muscles
occipitofrontalis muscle
From the galea aponeurosis to the eyebrow skin
Can lift eyebrows to form wrinkles
orbicularis oculi muscle
Located around the eye fissure
Masticatory muscles
Masseter muscle
Masseter muscle tuberosity originating from the zygomatic arch and ending at the mandible
temporalis muscle
Originates from the temporal fossa and ends at the coronoid process of the mandible
medial pterygoid muscle
The tuberosity of the pterygoid muscle originating from the pterygoid fossa and ending on the inner surface of the mandible
lateral pterygoid muscle
Originates from the lateral surface of the pterygoid process and ends at the neck of the mandible
Contract and open the mouth on both sides at the same time. Contraction on one side moves the mandible to the opposite side.
neck muscles
Superficial cervical muscles
platysma
The fascia originates from the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and ends at the corners of the mouth, lower edge of the mandible and facial skin.
Pulling the corners of the mouth and lowering the jaw
sternocleidomastoid muscle
The front of the manubrium sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle end at the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Contraction on one side causes the head to tilt to the same side, and contraction on both sides tilts the head back.
anterior cervical muscles
suprahyoid muscles
The digastric muscle has two muscle bellies and a central tendon. The anterior belly originates from the inside of the mandible.
The posterior abdomen originates from the mastoid process and ends at the hyoid bone.
Lifting the hyoid bone can raise the tongue: when the hyoid bone is fixed, the mouth can be opened
Infrahyoid muscles
Descended hyoid bone and larynx
Deep cervical muscles
outer group
The anterior middle scalene muscle originates from the transverse process of the cervical vertebra and inserts into the first rib
The space between the anterior middle scalene muscle and the first rib is the scalene space, through which the subclavian vein and brachial plexus pass.
The posterior scalene muscle originates from the cervical vertebral artery and inserts into the second rib
Trunk muscles
Back muscles
superficial dorsal muscles
trapezius muscle
It starts from the upper nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and all thoracic spinous processes and ends at the lateral 3/1 of the clavicle, acromion and scapular spine.
Pulls the scapula closer to the spine. If the scapula is fixed, the effect is the same as the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
latissimus dorsi
It originates from the spinous processes of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar spinous processes and the back of the iliac crest, and ends at the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Extend, adduct, and internally rotate the shoulder joint
levator scapulae
Originates from the transverse process of the upper cervical vertebra and ends at the upper corner of the scapula and the upper medial edge of the scapula
rhomboids
The spinous processes of the two lower cervical vertebrae and the four upper thoracic vertebrae end at the medial edge of the scapula.
Pull the scapula inward and upward toward the spine
Deep dorsal muscles
Erector spinae
It originates from the back of the sacrum, the back of the iliac crest and the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae, and ends at the ribs, vertebrae, and mastoid process of the temporal bone.
The contraction of one side of the muscle causes the spine to flex to the same side, and the contraction of both sides at the same time causes the spine to extend backward and raise the head.
splenius
The lower half of the nuchal ligament, the lower cervical spinous processes, the upper thoracic spinous processes, and the supraspinal ligament terminate at the transverse processes, mastoid processes, and upper nuchal line of the upper 2 to 3 cervical vertebrae.
Rotate or tilt your head to the same side
chest muscles
chest and upper limb muscles
pectoralis major
The medial 2/3 of the clavicle, the front of the sternum, the front of the first to sixth costal cartilages, etc. end at the greater tubercle ridge of the humerus.
Adduct, internally rotate and flex the shoulder joint
pectoralis minor
Starts from the 3rd to 5th ribs and ends at the coracoid process of the scapula
Pull shoulder blades forward and downward
serratus anterior
Starts from the outside of the upper 8 or 9 ribs and ends at the medial edge and lower corner of the scapula.
Pull shoulder blades forward and downward
Paralysis of this muscle can lead to winging of shoulders
pectoralis propria
external intercostal muscles
Starts from the lower edge of the upper rib and ends at the lower edge of the lower rib
Lift your ribs to help inhale
internal intercostal muscles
innermost intercostal muscle
transverse pectoralis muscle
Originates from the lower part of the sternum and ends on the inner surface of the 2nd to 6th ribs
Three tears in the diaphragm
The periphery of the diaphragm is the muscular part, and the center is the aponeurosis called the central tendon.
aortic tear
Located in front of the twelfth thoracic vertebra
Aorta and thoracic duct pass through
esophageal hiatus
Located on the left front and upper side of the aortic hiatus, approximately level with the 10th thoracic vertebra
The esophagus and vagus nerve pass through
vena cava foramen
The central tendon is located on the right front and superior side of the esophageal hiatus, approximately level with the 8th thoracic vertebra.
Passed by the inferior vena cava
abdominal muscles
anterolateral group
external oblique muscle
Starts from the outside of the lower 8 ribs and ends at the front of the iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and linea alba
Inguinal ligament: The lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis is curled and thickened, and is connected between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle to form the inguinal ligament. .
internal oblique muscle
It starts from the thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and lateral 2/1 of the inguinal ligament and ends at the linea alba
Inguinal aponeurosis; the lower part of the internal oblique muscle originates from the inguinal ligament and runs in an arcuate direction
Anteriorly and inferiorly, it crosses the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament of the uterus in women and moves posteriorly to become the aponeurosis and the corresponding tendons of the transversus abdominis muscle.
The membranes combine to form the inguinal falx, also known as the syndesmotic tendon.
transversus abdominis
Originates from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest and ends at the linea alba
rectus abdominis
It originates from the pubic symphysis, the pubic crest, and ends at the xiphoid process of the sternum, in front of the 5th to 7th costal cartilages.
rectus abdominis sheath
Located on the anterior abdominal wall, it is composed of the aponeurosis of three flat muscles on the lateral abdominal wall. It surrounds the rectus abdominis and is divided into two layers, front and back. The upper 2/3 of the sheath is composed of the anterior layer of the external oblique aponeurosis and the internal oblique aponeurosis. The posterior layer consists of the posterior layer of the internal oblique aponeurosis and the transversus abdominis aponeurosis. In the lower 1/3 of the sheath, the aponeurosis of the three flat muscles all runs in front of the rectus abdominis muscle, forming the front layer of the sheath, and the lower part of the posterior layer of the rectus abdominis sheath is missing.
Arcuate line: The lower part of the posterior layer of the rectus abdominis sheath is missing, and its lower end is free, about 4 to 5 cm below the umbilicus, forming an upward arc-shaped lower edge, called the arcuate line. Below this line, the back of the rectus abdominis is in contact with the transversalis fascia.
White line
Located on the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, it is a tendinous structure formed by the intertwining fibers of the rectus abdominis sheaths on both sides, extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis. There is an umbilical ring on it, which is where the embryo's umbilical cord attaches. If the abdominal organs bulge through this area, it is called an umbilical hernia
inguinal canal
It is a cleft between the three flat muscles and tendons of the anterolateral abdominal wall. It is located in the lower part of the anterolateral abdominal wall and above the medial half of the inguinal ligament. It contains the male spermatic cord or the female uterine round ligament.
couple
inner mouth
deep inguinal canal ring
Located about 1.5 points above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, it is an oval hole formed by the outward protrusion of the transversalis fascia.
Waikou
Superficial subcutaneous ring of inguinal canal
four walls
Anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis and internal oblique muscle
Posterior wall: transversalis fascia and falx inguinalis
Superior wall: the arcuate lower edge of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.
Inferior wall: inguinal ligament
Inguinal triangle of Heidegger
The triangle formed by the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament, and inferior epigastric artery
Indirect inguinal hernia: The abdominal contents can pass through the deep inguinal ring, enter the inguinal canal, then protrude through the superficial ring and descend into the scrotum. Direct hernia: The abdominal contents bulge out of the inguinal triangle without passing through the deep ring.
Upper limb muscles
Upper limb girdle muscles
deltoid muscle
It starts from the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion and scapular spine and ends at the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
Abduct the shoulder joint
supraspinatus/inferior muscle
hand muscles
medial group (hypothenar)
Lower limb muscles
iliopsoas muscle
psoas major
Originates from the side of the lumbar vertebrae and the transverse process, and ends at the lesser trochanter of the femur
iliacus muscle
From the iliac fossa to the lesser trochanter of the femur
piriformis muscle
Originates from the front of the sacrum, lateral to the anterior sacral foramen, and ends at the greater trochanter of the femur
abduct and externally rotate the hip
tibialis anterior/posterior
gastrocnemius
Originates from behind the medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur and ends at the calcaneus
soleus muscle
The upper part of the back of the fibula and the tibial soleus line end at the calcaneus.
myocardium
Is the main component of the heart wall
smooth muscle
Mainly distributed in hollow organs and blood vessel walls of internal organs
skeletal muscle
Mostly attached to bones, mainly found in trunk and limbs
Ankle and knee flexion
The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles make up the triceps surae, and the sum of their tendons is the Achilles tendon.
Make the iliac joint forward flexion and external rotation, and can make the trunk forward when the lower limb is fixed
Stretch shoulders and elbows
Flex your shoulders, bend your elbows
Protect abdominal organs and maintain intra-abdominal pressure. Increase abdominal pressure during contraction: make the spine forward, lateral flexion,
and rotation. Lowering ribs to aid breathing
If the abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through these triangles, a diaphragmatic hernia will form.
The space between the sternum and the origin of the ribs is the sternocostal triangle
Lower ribs to assist expiration
From the upper edge of the lower rib to the lower edge of the upper rib
The chest is fixed, and one side is contracted to bend the neck to one side.
Contract both sides and bend forward, fix the neck, contract and lift one and two ribs on both sides to assist in inhalation
Can close mouth and move mandible forward or backward
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