Mendel's pea hybridization experiments

①The properties are determined by the granularity

②Each plant has a pair of alleles that control every pair of relative traits he has studied.

③Members of each pair of genes are equally segregated into germ cells

④Each germ cell or gamete contains only one of each pair of genes

⑤In each pair of genes, one comes from the father and one comes from the mother. When forming the next generation of new individuals, the combination of gametes is random.

Pea two-factor hybridization experiment

① The two pairs of genes that determine two pairs of relative traits are not confused with each other in F1 heterozygotes, and each maintains its independence.

②When the F1 plant forms female and male gametes, the separation of each pair of alleles is independent, entering different gametes separately, and the genes of different pairs are freely combined.

Alleles that control two pairs of different traits maintain their independence in the heterozygous state

test cross

Extended conclusions of test cross

definition

example

Ontogeny is a process in which genes are expressed according to a specific time and space. It is a process in which the genotype of an organism interacts with internal and external environmental factors and is gradually transformed into a phenotype.

Penetrance

expressiveness

allelic interactions

nonallelic interactions