MindMap Gallery Plant Genetics Chapter 3 Mendelian Genetic Analysis
This is an article about Chapter 3 of Plant Genetics: Mendelian Genetic Analysis, including the Law of Segregation The law of free association, Mendelian genetic analysis of human traits, The relationship between the role of genes and environmental factors, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Mendelian genetic analysis
law of separation
Theoretical source
Mendel's pea hybridization experiments
Theoretical basis
①The properties are determined by the granularity
②Each plant has a pair of alleles that control every pair of relative traits he has studied.
③Members of each pair of genes are equally segregated into germ cells
④Each germ cell or gamete contains only one of each pair of genes
⑤In each pair of genes, one comes from the father and one comes from the mother. When forming the next generation of new individuals, the combination of gametes is random.
law of free assemblage
Theoretical source
Pea two-factor hybridization experiment
Theoretical basis
① The two pairs of genes that determine two pairs of relative traits are not confused with each other in F1 heterozygotes, and each maintains its independence.
②When the F1 plant forms female and male gametes, the separation of each pair of alleles is independent, entering different gametes separately, and the genes of different pairs are freely combined.
definition
Alleles that control two pairs of different traits maintain their independence in the heterozygous state
Test cross proof of Mendel's laws
test cross
The offspring of the hybrid mate with the recessive parent
Extended conclusions of test cross
① Paired genes do not confuse each other in the heterozygous state and maintain their independence. They separate from each other when they form gametes. From zygote to gamete, genes change from double to single. This phenomenon is called segregation.
② Gene segregation is the most common and basic law for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Mendelian genetic analysis of human traits
pedigree analysis of human genetics
definition
Use a pedigree chart to show the occurrence of a certain trait (or genetic disease) in a family, that is, start with the proband and investigate them retrospectively. A diagram drawn in a certain format with information on the number, genetic relationships, and distribution of certain genetic characteristics or genetic diseases of all family members.
Simple Mendelian genetic traits in humans
example
Widow's peak combined with straight hairline
Finger hair and fingerless hair
Freckles and no freckles
Curly and straight hair
Interrelationship between the role of genes and environmental factors
The relationship between the role of genes and the environment
Ontogeny is a process in which genes are expressed according to a specific time and space. It is a process in which the genotype of an organism interacts with internal and external environmental factors and is gradually transformed into a phenotype.
Visibility and expressivity
Penetrance
definition
In a specific environment, when a dominant gene is in a heterozygous state, or when a recessive gene is in a homozygous state, the rate of individuals showing the expected phenotype is called penetrance.
fully exposed
Penetrance is 100%
Not fully visible
Individuals have certain genes and do not express specific expressions
expressiveness
definition
The degree of variation in gene expression between individuals with the same genotype
Extensions of Mendel's Laws
allelic interactions
Incomplete or partial dominance
Co-dominance and mosaic dominance
lethal gene
recessive lethal gene
dominant lethal gene
multiple alleles
nonallelic interactions
genetic interaction
complementary gene
Two pairs of non-allelic dominant genes exist at the same time and affect the same trait so that the trait can be expressed. A mutation in any of the genes will cause the same mutant trait to appear.
suppressor gene
Epistatic effect
Dominant epistasis
Implicit superiority
Additive effect