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MindMap Gallery Plant Genetics Chapter 2 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Heredity

Plant Genetics Chapter 2 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Heredity

Chapter 2 of Plant Genetics: A mind map of the cellular and molecular basis of heredity, with a detailed introduction and comprehensive description. I hope it will be helpful to interested friends!

Edited at 2023-12-02 22:47:37

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Plant Genetics Chapter 2 Cellular and Molecular Basis of Heredity

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Outline

genetic cells and Molecular basis

DNA replication

period of occurrence

S phase of cell cycle

process

Under the catalysis of DNA polymerase and other enzymes, the hydrogen bonds between the DNA double strands are broken and separated, and each strand is used as a template to synthesize complementary strands based on the principle of base pairing.

Basic laws of DNA

Generally, it is carried out in a semi-reserved and semi-discontinuous manner.

The extension direction of the chain can only be the 5' → 3' end direction

Replication starts at a specific sequence at the origin and terminates at a fixed point during the replication process.

Multiple replication mechanisms can operate even within the same cell

Semi-preservative semi-discontinuous replication

Refers to the two strands of the parent DNA molecule. During the semi-conservative replication process, one strand is continuously synthesized in the 5'→3' direction, and the other strand is synthesized in the 5'→3' direction in a discontinuous manner to synthesize a series of discontinuous Continuous Okazaki clips

Replication of circular double-stranded DNA

rolling ring copy

Theta replication

D-type replication of mitochondria

eukaryotic chromosome telomeres

definition

It is a special structure composed of specific DNA repeat sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes

Function

①Protect chromosome ends from degradation by nucleases

② Provides a basis for the terminal replication of linear chromosomes, allowing the shortened telomeres to extend after each replication and maintaining the stability and integrity of the chromosome structure.

③Promote effective meiotic chromosome pairing and homologous chromosome recombination

telomerase

It is a special reverse transcriptase whose activity is limited to using telomerase-specific RNA as a template

Transcription and translation

RNA polymerase and promoters and enhancers

Transcription principles

Using DNA as a template and catalyzed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA is synthesized from four NTPs (ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP) as raw materials.

transcription process

Template recognition, transcription, initiation, elongation and termination.

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase composition

2 alpha subunits.

Plays a role in core enzyme assembly and promoter recognition, and can also bind to some activation proteins

1 beta subunit

a beta' subunit

a sigma subunit

for identifying different promoters

eukaryotic RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase I

RNA polymerase II

RNA polymerase III

prokaryotic promoter

eukaryotic promoter

enhancer

It is a type of regulatory sequence that enhances eukaryotic gene transcription.

RNA processing

subtopic

Processing of eukaryotic mRNA precursors

①5' capping of mRNA

②3' adenylation (tailing) of mRNA

③The contact of introns and the connection of exons, as well as the modification of certain bases.

Genetic code and protein synthesis

Properties of the genetic code

It's a triplet cipher.

no comma

No overlap

Versatility

degeneracy

Especially codons and stop codons

Subtopic tRNA and the genetic code

The “wobble” hypothesis in anticodons

Subtopic Types of tRNA

Initiation tRNA and elongation tRNA

iso-tRNA

Correction tRNA

Ribosomes and protein synthesis

Amide tRNA binding site

Peptidyl transfer RNA binding site

discharge position

central dogma

The concept of genes and its development issues

early concept

Mendel's "genetic factors"

Morgan's genetic theory

one gene one enzyme

Cistrons and operons

Broken genes and overlapping genes

transposon

A gene or DNA segment that can move from one position on a chromosome to another, or even jump from one chromosome to another.

Molecular structure of genetic material

base

DNA

A-T, C-G

RNA

A-U, C-G

DNA molecular structure

primary structure

The order of nucleotides in the DNA molecule (also equivalent to the order of bases)

secondary structure

Refers to the double-stranded or double-helix molecule formed by DNA through intermolecular interactions, that is, the DNA double-helix structure

tertiary structure

twist of double helix chain

high level structure

Refers to the superhelical structure of DNA and the complex folding state of chromosomal DNA.

molecular structure of RNA

mRNA messenger

tRNA molecular translation

Clover secondary structure

Inverted L-shaped three-level structure

rRNAF molecule ribosome

small RNA

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)

Small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA)

Proof of genetic material

Transformation experiment of Streptococcus pneumoniae

experimenter

Griffith

Experimental Materials

Streptococcus pneumoniae (type S)

It can form large, smooth and shiny colonies on agar solid culture medium. The cells are surrounded by a polysaccharide membrane. It is a pathogenic bacterium.

Rough type (R) Streptococcus pneumoniae

The colonies are rough, have no extracellular capsule, and are not pathogenic.

mouse

result

Prove that DNA is genetic material

Phage infection experiment

experimenter

hershey and chase

method

labeled radioisotopes

principle

Protein is the only substance that contains sulfur, and DNA is the only substance that contains phosphorus

Material

T2 bacteriophage and E. coli

result

Proves that it is DNA, not protein, that is responsible for heredity

Reconstruction experiment of tobacco mosaic virus

experimenter

Franklin Corrett

Experimental Materials

tobacco mosaic virus

S strain

HR strain

result

This experiment convincingly demonstrates that in viruses that do not have DNA, RNA is the genetic material

Genetic cell development and chromosome behavior

cell cycle

definition

The process from the end of the previous cell division to the end of the next cell division is called cell cycle time.

cycle

G1 period

Refers to the gap between the completion of mitosis and DNA replication

S period

DNA replication period

G2 period

Refers to the period of time between the completion of DNA replication and the start of mitosis

M period

cell mitosis

Staining for chromosomes

Chromatin

definition

An amorphous substance that is easily stained by basic dyes and is composed of DNA, histones, non-histone proteins and a small amount of RNA in the nucleus of interphase cells.

Interphase chromatin types

euchromatin

heterochromatin

Structural chromatin (constitutively chromatin)

facultative chromatin

chromosome

definition

Chromatin is a form of genetic material with a fixed shape formed by being tightly wound, folded, condensed, and exquisitely packaged during cell division.

Morphological characteristics

Main constriction mark

Secondary constriction scar

Long arm (p) and short arm (q)

telomeres

type

centromere chromosome

near-metacentromeric chromosome

acrocentric chromosome

telocentric chromosomes

granular or punctate chromosomes

The behavior of chromosomes during cell division

Mitosis

cell type in which

somatic cells

process

early stage→mid stage→late stage→end stage

Features

Once a cell divides, the chromosomes are replicated once, and the genetic material is equally distributed into the two daughter cells.

Meiosis

Generating cell type

germ cells

process

Features

A form of cell division that involves two consecutive nuclear divisions, in which chromosomes are replicated only once, with only a single number of chromosomes in each daughter cell nucleus.

chromatids

sister chromosome

Two chromatids of a chromosome are called sister chromatids