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MindMap Gallery Qishang Science U4_Characteristics of Matter

Qishang Science U4_Characteristics of Matter

This is a mind map about Qishang Science U4_The characteristics of matter, including the composition of matter, Measurement of mass, density of matter, Specific heat of matter, etc.

Edited at 2023-12-02 21:11:21

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Qishang Science U4_Characteristics of Matter

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Outline

Qishang Science U4 properties of matter

composition of matter

Matter is made up of molecules

Substances such as air are also composed of large numbers of molecules

A molecule is an extremely tiny particle that makes up matter

small volume

small quality

There are gaps between molecules

Space between molecules: gas > liquid > solid

There are gaps between the molecules that make up a substance

Molecules are in constant motion

diffusion phenomenon (Nature) molecules doing irregular movement

gas diffusion phenomenon

liquid diffusion phenomenon

The speed of liquid diffusion is closely related to temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the liquid spreads.

Repulsion and attraction between molecules

There is not only attraction but also repulsion between molecules within a substance

Measurement of quality

quality

How much matter an object contains is expressed by mass (m)

Universal list of quality bit is kilogram (symbol is kg)

The unit larger than the kilogram is the ton (symbol t)

The unit smaller than the kilogram is the gram (symbol is g)

The unit smaller than a gram is milligram (symbol is mg)

Mass is a property of an object that does not change with changes in the object's position, shape, temperature, state, etc.

Measurement of quality

balance tray left thing right code

balance travel code Equivalent to adding a small weight to the right disk

Weighing on balance m object = m weight + m swimming code

How to use a pallet balance

1. Leveling

2.Weighing

3. After weighing, use tweezers to put the weights back into the weight box one by one.

density of matter

density

definition

For the same substance, the mass and volume increase or decrease, but the density remains unchanged.

The mass of a certain substance per unit volume is called the density of the substance

Different substances with the same volume have different masses

Density = mass/volume ρ=m/V

ρ is the Greek letter, pronounced róu. When calculating with the density formula, the units of the three quantities m, V, and ρ must be unified.

According to the definition of density, the unit of density is grams/cm³ (symbol is g/cm³) or kilogram/meter³ (symbol is kg/m³), which are read as "grams per cubic centimeter" and "kilograms per cubic centimeter" respectively. rice"

1g/cm³ =1000kg/m³

example

specific heat of matter

heat

Definition: The amount of heat absorbed or released by an object is called heat, represented by the symbol Q. The unit of heat is joule, referred to as joule, and its symbol is J. A joule is a relatively small unit of heat.

Specific heat

A large number of experiments have shown that when different substances with the same mass increase the same temperature, they absorb different amounts of heat. When the same temperature is lowered, the amount of heat released is also different. This characteristic of matter is scientifically called specific heat capacity. Referred to as specific heat. Different substances with the same mass will raise (or lower) the same temperature. Those that absorb (or release) more heat will have a greater specific heat, and those that absorb (or release) less heat will have a smaller specific heat.

The specific heat of water is greater than that of sand and gravel

Physical and chemical properties

Physical changes and chemical changes

physical changes

Matter only undergoes changes in color, state, etc., without producing new matter. This change is called physical change. For example, the mutual transformation between the three states of matter studied earlier are all physical changes.

Chemical changes

When substances change, new substances are produced. This change is called a chemical change. Chemical changes are usually accompanied by physical changes. For example, food becomes moldy, magnets attract iron powder and rust, mixing sodium hydroxide solution and sodium chloride solution, and setting off fireworks are all chemical changes.

Physical and chemical properties

physical properties

Density, color, state, odor, melting point, boiling point, hardness, ductility, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and other properties can be expressed by substances without chemical changes. These properties are called physical properties

chemical properties

Properties can only be expressed in chemical changes, called chemical properties

sublimation and sublimation

sublimation

Definition: The process of an object changing directly from a solid state to a gaseous state is called sublimation Sublimation is the process by which molecules on the surface of a solid substance overcome the attraction of other molecules to it and enter the air.

Properties: Substance absorbs heat when it sublimates

example

When dry ice powder sublimates, it absorbs a large amount of heat in the air, causing the temperature of the air to drop, causing the water vapor in the air to quickly liquefy into mist.

Why do the ends of fluorescent tubes that have been used for a long time turn black? Solid tungsten sublimates into gaseous tungsten vapor at high temperatures when the power is turned on. The gaseous tungsten vapor condenses into solid tungsten at low temperatures when the power is turned off. Since the gas will float in the lamp tube, the tungsten vapor condenses and gathers at both ends of the lamp tube. Forms black solid tungsten

Sublime

Definition: The process of matter changing from gaseous state directly to solid state is called sublimation Sublimation is the process in which gas molecules hit the surface of a solid substance and are bound by the gravity of the solid substance molecules.

Properties: Substances release heat when they sublimate

Vaporization and liquefaction

Vaporization liquid → gas

Definition: The process of a substance changing from a liquid state to a gaseous state is called vaporization

slow

evaporation

Definition: only performed on the liquid surface Works at any temperature

Influencing factors: 1.Temperature 2. Liquid surface area 3. Air flow velocity on liquid surface 4. Liquid type

Properties: liquid vaporizes, absorbs heat and cools

severe

boiling

Definition: At a certain temperature, Liquid surface and interior move simultaneously Violent vaporization phenomenon When boiling, the temperature does not Change, this temperature is the boiling point

condition: 1. The temperature reaches the boiling point 2. Continuously absorb heat

liquefaction Gaseous → liquid

Definition: The process of a substance changing from a gaseous state to a liquid state is called liquefaction

method: 1. Cool down 2. Compression volume

Properties: When gas liquefies, it releases heat and causes heat.

melting and solidification

Melting rules of sea wave and rosin

Comparing the melting of sea waves and rosin, the common point between the two is that they both absorb heat from the outside world; the difference between the two is that the melting of sea waves takes place at a certain temperature. At this temperature, the melting of sea waves takes place at a certain temperature. There will be a state where solid and liquid coexist. When rosin melts, its temperature continues to rise. It is a process of gradually becoming softer and then thinner.

Characteristics of crystalline and amorphous melting and solidification

crystal

Like sea waves, they have a certain melting temperature when melting. This type of solid is called a crystal. ·The temperature at which a crystal melts is called the melting point. Different crystals have different melting points. The melting point is a characteristic of a substance. ·The temperature of liquid crystals remains constant during the solidification process. This temperature is called the freezing point of the crystal. The melting point and freezing point of the same crystal are the same

Amorphous

·Like rosin, it does not have a certain melting temperature when melting. This type of solid is called amorphous. ·Amorphous has no melting point ·Amorphous crystals have no freezing point