ATP: energy storage and energy supply substance, molecule that transfers energy

Creatine phosphate (CP): mainly found in muscle tissue

70% is provided by sugar and the rest is provided by fat. The common intermediate metabolite of sugar, fat and protein is acetyl coenzyme, and the common pathway is the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

(a) Sugar: centered on glucose

(b) Fat: stores and supplies energy

(c) Protein: decomposes amino acids to synthesize cellular components, enzymes, H and other biologically active substances

(a) The caloric value of food: The heat released by 1g of food when oxidized in the body or burned outside the body becomes the caloric value of the food.

(b) Oxygen-heat price of food: the heat generated by consuming 1L of oxygen when a certain nutrient is oxidized

(c) Respiratory injury (RQ): the ratio of the body’s carbon dioxide production to the oxygen consumption volume within a certain period of time

Energy metabolic rate: the total energy consumption of a person or animal per unit time, usually measured in terms of heat production per square meter of surface area per unit time.

(a) Direct calorimetry: directly measure the total heat generated by the entire body within a certain period of time, that is, the energy metabolic rate

(b) Indirect calorimetry: According to the proportional relationship between the reaction amount and the product amount in the chemical reaction, the amount of sugar, fat, and protein oxidized and decomposed by the body within a certain period of time is measured, and the heat released by the body is measured.

(c) Fermentation heat is generated during the fermentation process of ruminant microorganisms in ruminants. Fermentation produces a certain amount of methane and carbon dioxide, part of which is excreted through respiration.

(a) Basal metabolism: The energy metabolism level of animals under the conditions of maintaining basic life activities, such as being awake, muscles in a quiet state, optimal external temperature, and the digestive tract is empty.

(b) Resting energy metabolism: The energy metabolism level of animals resting before morning feeding under normal barn or experimental conditions

(a) Labor and exercise: The metabolic level is high, and the oxygen uptake cannot keep up with the actual metabolic oxygen consumption needs of the muscles. With high-energy phosphate bonds and anaerobic metabolic functions,

(b) Mental activity: Under emotional conditions, energy metabolism is significantly increased

(c) The special dynamic effect of food: food stimulates the body to consume additional calories

(d) Environmental temperature: mammals are most stable at 20-30°C, <20°C with chills and muscle tension, >30°C with increased metabolism

Main factors: individual size, age, gender, breed, physiological state, nutritional state, season, climate

(a) Basic methods of heat production

(b) Regulation of thermogenic activity: N regulation, body fluid regulation, PPT31

Physical method: transdermal 97%

Physiological processes: breathing, urination, defecation 3%

(a) Peripheral temperature receptors: distributed in skin, mucous membranes and internal organs, temperature and cold receptors

(b) Central thermoreceptors: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, brainstem reticular formation, hypothalamus, heat- and cold-sensitive N elements → preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH)

The basic center is in the hypothalamus (preoptic area - anterior hypothalamus PO/AH: senses temperature changes in one's own parts and integrates temperature information incoming from other parts)

The mechanism by which the body maintains a relatively constant body temperature: PPT46.47

fixed point doctrine

Clinical phenomena: fever, cold hands and feet, chills, pyrogen → PO/AH → suppression of heat-sensitive N yuan, excitement and cold-sensitive N yuan → set point moves up (39°C)