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Business Administration Mind Map
This is a mind map about business management, including marketing strategy, production management, logistics management, etc. Hope it helps everyone.
Edited at 2023-11-30 23:17:18
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Business Administration Mind Map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
Business management
strategic management
level
overall strategy
business strategy
functional strategy
strategic management type
basic competitive strategy
Cost leadership strategy
Applicable: large output, low cost
Differentiation
Applicable: Strong R&D, marketing, internal coordination capabilities and leading reputation
Path: 1 service 5 products
focus strategy
Applicable: good market, weak strength
business growth strategy
intensive growth strategy
market penetration strategy
Increase the sales volume of existing products or services based on the existing market
market development strategy
Big market, strong company
new product development strategy
New industry, strong enterprise
Diversification Strategy
Related diversification strategies
horizontal, vertical, concentric
unrelated diversification strategy
integrated strategy
vertical integration strategy
horizontal integration strategy
Strategic Alliance
Equity strategic alliance
Joint venture
mutual shareholding
contractual strategic alliance
Products, marketing, technology development and research, industrial coordination
international business strategy
Industrial Competitiveness Model (Diamond Model)
Four basic elements: production factors, demand conditions, related supporting industries, corporate industry strategy, industrial structure and industry competition
Two variables: opportunity and government
strategy type
Global Standardization Strategy
localization strategy
transnational strategy
international strategy
International market entry modes
trade entry
direct export
indirect export
contract entry
Licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, contract management
investment entry
Entering into a joint venture
Sole proprietorship entry
Corporate Stability Strategy
no change strategy
Maintain profit strategy
get through it
pause strategy
Early stage is too fast
Implement strategy carefully
The situation is unpredictable
corporate retrenchment strategy
Turn to strategy
abandon strategy
liquidation strategy
strategic management process
strategy formulation
Determine corporate vision, mission and strategic goals
Prepare strategic plan
business model
business model elements
People too
position
resources and capabilities
business system
Profit model
cash flow structure
Corporation value
business model analysis
Value Analysis
Propose value propositions, segment customer groups, analyze channel access and customer relationships
Infrastructure analysis
Measure existing core resources and capabilities, design or improve key businesses, and find important partners
Profit analysis
Analyze revenue sources and cost structures, determine corporate cash flow, and design, adjust, and optimize profit models.
Select and evaluate strategic options
strategy implementation
strategy implementation model
Command type
transformational
cooperative
cultural type
growth
Implementation steps
strategic change analysis
Decomposition and implementation of strategic plans
Assessment and motivation
strategic control
control principle
One Guarantee and Three Adaptations: Ensuring goals, moderate control, timely control, and adaptability
control steps
Set performance standards
Measure actual performance
review results
take corrective measures
Control Method
Du Liping
DuPont Analysis (Financial Metrics)
Profit Plan Roulette
Balanced Scorecard (Quantitative)
Strategic Analysis
Macro environment analysis
PSTEL analysis
Industry environment analysis
Industry life cycle
Industry competition structure (five forces model)
strategic group analysis
internal environment analysis
inner chain wave
Internal factor evaluation matrix
core competitiveness
relationships, resources, capabilities
value chain analysis
Main activities: supply, production, storage, sales and after-sales service
Boston Matrix Analysis
Business growth rate, market share
comprehensive analysis
SWOT analysis
strength,weakness,opptunity,threat
Business decisions
qualitative decision making
Brainstorming
Delphi method
nominal group technique
Gordon's method
quantitative decision making
According to the degree of environmental controllability
deterministic decision making
linear programming method
break-even point method
risky decisions
Expected profit and loss decision-making method
decision tree analysis
Uncertain decision-making
Optimism principle (take the bigger out of the big)
Pessimism principle (take the bigger out of the small)
Compromise principle (optimistic coefficient)
Regret value principle (opportunity cost, choose the smaller one)
principle of equal probability
marketing strategy
Marketing strategic planning
Determine the mission statement
Define corporate goals
Arrange business portfolio
Boston Consulting Group Law
General Electric Company Act
Make a new mission plan
main content
target market strategy
market segmentation
Four variables: geography, demographics, psychology, and behavior
Select mode
Product market concentration, product specialization, market specialization, selection specialization, full access
Choose a strategy
Undifferentiated marketing strategy, differentiated marketing strategy, concentrated marketing strategy
Market positioning
Positioning based on attributes and benefits
Based on user targeting
Positioning based on competitors
Position based on price
combination positioning
Product Strategy
product portfolio
Width, length, depth, relevance
packaging strategy
8 packaging strategies: similar, related, individual, graded, portioned, reused or dual-purpose, with gifts, and changed
new product development strategy
Different development methods: independent development, commissioned development, joint development
According to the degree of innovation: innovation strategy, imitation strategy
Different development timing: preemptive strategy, follow-up strategy
Pricing Strategy
Pricing target
Maintain corporate survival, maximize short-term profits, maximize market share, and maintain corporate and product image
Pricing method
cost oriented pricing
cost plus pricing
Product price = unit cost × (1 markup rate)
target profit pricing
Target price = (total cost target profit) ÷ total sales volume
demand-based pricing
cognitive value pricing
Direct Price Rating Method
direct cognitive value evaluation method
Diagnosis
demand differential pricing
Competition Oriented Pricing
Market-following pricing
competitive price pricing
sealed bid pricing
Pricing Strategy
New product pricing strategy
Skimming pricing strategy, market penetration pricing strategy, moderate pricing strategy
Product portfolio pricing strategy
Product line pricing, alternative product pricing, ancillary product pricing, by-product pricing, product bundle pricing
Distribution channel management
Distribution channel construction
Construction of consumer goods distribution channels
Consumer goods classification
Convenience products
Daily necessities, impulse purchases, emergency items
Optional items
Special product
non-desired items
Common distribution channel models for consumer goods
Direct supply model from manufacturers
Multiple distribution (agent) model
Exclusive distribution (agency) model
Platform sales model: with sub-assembly factory as the core
Industrial product distribution channel construction
Industrial product market
Derivative nature of demand, small demand elasticity, professional purchasing, large one-time purchase volume, and stable customer concentration
Industrial product distribution channels are mainly short channels with service functions.
Service product distribution channel design
Service product characteristics
Intangibility, inseparability, difference, non-storability, non-transferability of ownership
Service product classification
Divided into 4 categories according to service objects and tangibles and intangibles
Human Body Treatment Services (High Customer Involvement)
Object handling services (customer does not have to be present)
Brain stimulation service (customer consciousness must be present)
Information processing services (not necessarily requiring direct participation of customers)
Service product distribution channels
direct distribution
Intermediaries: agents, brokers, wholesalers, retailers
Channel member management
Channel member selection
Length of operation, growth situation, solvency, cooperative attitude, operation of related products, quality of sales personnel, store location, etc.
Channel member incentives
Communication and motivation
business incentives
support and incentives
Channel member evaluation adjustments
Channel power management
commitment strategy
reward rights
threat strategy
power of coercion
legal strategy
statutory authority
request strategy
Right of recognition, right of reward, right of coercion
information exchange strategy
Expertise rights, information rights, reward rights
Suggest strategies
Expertise rights, information rights, reward rights
Channel conflict management
Causes: Differences in goals, differences in perspectives, differences in expectations, role misalignment, communication difficulties, differences in decision-making authority, and scarcity of resources
Conflict handling
Determine the long-term goals of channel members based on common interests
Encourage all channel members to actively participate in channel activities and related policy formulation processes
Use incentives appropriately
Reduce conflicts by exchanging personnel
Clean up channel members in a timely manner
Make good use of conflict resolution methods such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration and litigation
Distribution channel system assessment
channel gap
Channel gap assessment (service quality gap model): quality perception gap, quality standard gap, service delivery gap, market communication gap, perceived service gap
Eliminate the gap idea
Eliminate demand-side gaps
Segment the market to meet different customer needs
Improve related services
Change the target market and change the service objects
Eliminate supply-side channel gaps
Change current channel member role
Use new distribution technologies
Bring in new distribution experts to improve channel operations
Channel gaps caused by changes in channel environment and management constraints
Distribution channel operation performance evaluation
Channel smoothness measurement
Product turnover speed
Payment recovery speed
Sales recovery rate = actual payment received / sales revenue * 100%
Channel coverage assessment (area)
Channel Financial Performance Assessment
Distribution channel cost indicators
Distribution channel expenses
Distribution channel expense ratio
Distribution channel expense rate increase and decrease rate
Channel market share indicator
market share
Channel market share
Channel Profitability Indicators
Channel sales growth rate
Channel sales profit margin
Channel fee profit margin
return on assets
Distribution channel development trends
Internet distribution channels
Channel flattening
flat form
direct channel
Producer-Middleman-Consumer
Manufacturer-Distributor (Agent)-Retailer-Consumer (currently the most commonly used model)
Promotional strategy
basic strategy
Pull and push strategies
main method
advertise
advertising budget methods
Act within one's ability (depending on financial resources) method, sales percentage, competitive balance method, target task method
personal selling
sales promotion
public relationship
direct marketing
Brand management
Brand Equity
Brand awareness, association, loyalty, recognition, other assets
Brand strategy
Whether the brand has made a decision
Brand ownership decision
Own brand, intermediary brand, or both
Brand quality decision
Improve quality, maintain quality, reduce quality
Family brand decision
Individual brand strategies (each for his own)
Unified brand strategy
Classification family brand strategy
The company name is used together with individual brands: Haier Xiaoyingcai
Brand extension decision
Multi-brand decision
Brand repositioning decision
Production management
Production Plan
1. Investigation and research
eg: production capacity
Production Capacity Accounting
single product
Equipment group production capacity accounting
M=F×S×P=F×S÷t
Job site production capacity accounting
M=F×A÷(a×t)
Assembly line production capacity accounting
M=F÷r
Many types
representative product law
hypothetical product method
2. Propose production indicators
Product variety indicators
Product quality indicators
The quality of the product itself
Production process quality
Product output index
linear programming method
break-even analysis
Breakeven point production and sales = fixed cost ÷ (unit price - unit variable cost)
Product output value index
Industrial output
Industrial commodity output value
Industrial added value
3. Preparation of plans
eg: production operation plan
Large-scale production enterprises
Work in process quota method
The output of this workshop = the input amount of subsequent workshops, the external sales volume of semi-finished products of this workshop (the quota of semi-finished products in this workshop at the end of the period - the estimated inventory of semi-finished products in this workshop at the beginning of the period) The input amount of this workshop = the output of this workshop, the amount of scrap and loss allowed in this workshop (the final work-in-process quota of this workshop - the beginning work-in-process balance of this workshop)
Batch rotation production type
lead time method
The cumulative production number of this workshop = the cumulative production number of the last workshop The production lead time of this workshop × the average daily output of the last workshop The cumulative number of inputs in this workshop = the cumulative number of output in the last workshop. The input lead time of this workshop × the average daily output of the last workshop
Single piece small batch type
production cycle method
4. Finalize the outline of the plan for approval
production control
control flow
1. Establish control standards
method
Analogy method, decomposition method, quota method, standardization method
2. Measurement comparison
Deviation = target value - actual value
3. Control decisions
Analyze the reasons for loss of control
Formulate measures
Effect Expectation Analysis
4. Implementation
control method
prior control
control during events
ex post control
Control content
Production operation control (basic aspects of production control)
Work in progress control
Inventory control
Inventory management costs
Warehousing costs
Ordering cost
opportunity cost
Basic methods of control
quantitative control method
periodic control law
Pareto method (ABC classification)
production scheduling
Modern production management methods
Material Requirements Planning
manufacturing resource planning
Enterprise Resource Planning
Toyota Lean Production
Logistics management
Logistics management content
Package
Packaging Materials
Packaging technology and methods
Packaging operations: filling, sealing and strapping, wrapping, labeling and checkweighing
Containerized packaging
Loading and unloading
Activity coefficient: 0-4
Distribution processing
Distribution processing form
For the purpose of preserving goods
To improve product utilization
To facilitate consumption and meet user needs
In order to improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics losses
Rationalization of distribution and processing
Combining processing and distribution
Combination of processing and matching
Combined processing and transportation
Combination of processing and business flow
Warehousing and inventory management
Warehousing functions: adjustment, storage and inspection, distribution, customer service, risk prevention
Ways to rationalize warehousing
Classification management of stored items, such as ABC classification
Use first-in-first-out method to improve turnover rate
Improve storage density and effectively utilize storage capacity
Fast in and fast out
Warehousing equipment
Shelves: number of shelves = maximum storage capacity ÷ (volume of a single shelf × volume coefficient × unit mass of stored goods
Pallets: number of pallets = quantity of goods entering and exiting per unit time × average pallet usage cycle × (average loading efficiency of 1 pallet) ÷ standard pallet loading capacity
Warehouse operation process management
Warehousing process: Preparation for acceptance → Verification of documents and vouchers → Physical inspection → Establishment of cargo information files
Maintenance management: product inventory
Warehouse management: Check and prepare materials → Review → Packaging → Point and hand → Log in → On-site and file cleaning
Inventory control
Quantitative inventory control system
periodic inventory control system
transportation management
Distribution management
The development of logistics management
Green Logistics
Third Party Logistics
supply chain management
Bullwhip effect: Untrue demand information will flow up the supply chain
asset Management
Required rate of return on investment = Time value of money Risk reward rate
time value
Compound interest future value and present value of one-time payment
Future value and present value of annuity
postpay annuity
Pay annuity first
Deferred annuities and perpetuities
value at risk
Risk reward rate = risk reward coefficient × standard deviation rate × 100%
financing decisions
capital cost
Individual capital cost rate = capital expense amount ÷ net financing amount
debt capital cost ratio
Long-term debt cost rate = (interest amount - income tax) ÷ (borrowing financing amount - financing expenses)
Long-term bond cost rate = (interest amount - income tax) ÷ (total bond amount - financing expenses)
equity capital cost rate
common stock
dividend discount model
Capital cost rate under fixed dividend policy = dividend ÷ net financing amount of common stock
Capital cost rate under fixed growth dividend policy = (dividend ÷ net financing amount of common stock) Fixed growth rate
asset pricing model
Capital cost rate = necessary rate of return = risk-free rate of return Risk coefficient × (market average rate of return - risk-free rate of return)
preferred stock
Capital cost rate = Dividends ÷ Net financing amount of preferred shares
Comprehensive capital cost rate = weighted average of individual capital cost rates
Leverage Theory
Operating leverage coefficient = Change rate of earnings before interest and tax ÷ Sales change rate = (Sales - Total variable costs) ÷ (Sales - Total variable costs - Total fixed costs)
Financial leverage coefficient = Change rate of earnings per share of common stock ÷ Change rate of earnings before interest and tax = Earnings before interest and tax ÷ (Earnings before interest and tax - Annual interest on debt)
Total leverage factor = operating leverage factor × financial leverage factor
Capital Structure
capital structure theory
early theory
Net Income Perspective: More Debt, Greater Value
Net operating income perspective: Debt has no impact, net turnover determines
Conventional wisdom: Debt must be moderate
MM Capital Structure Theory: Capital structure does not affect the company's value; it is not affected by debt; the optimal structure is the balance between tax-saving benefits and crisis or bankruptcy costs
modern capital structure theory
Agency cost theory: Agency costs require moderate debt capital
Pecking Order Theory: Internal Financing > Debt Financing > Equity Financing
dynamic trade-off theory
Market timing theory: stock price is overvalued, additional issuance, stock price is undervalued, buyback
capital structure decisions
capital cost rate comparison method
profit per share analysis method
Investment decision
cash flow estimation
Initial cash flow = investment in fixed assets, investment in current assets, other investment expenses - income from price changes of original fixed assets
Net cash flow = annual operating income - cash paid costs - income tax = net profit Depreciation; depreciation = (original value of fixed assets - residual value) ÷ useful life
Terminal cash flow = residual value of fixed assets or income from price changes, current asset funds advanced, income from land price changes
Financial feasibility evaluation indicators
Undiscounted cash flow indicator
payback period
Average rate of return = average annual cash flow ÷ initial investment × 100%
discounted cash flow indicator
Net present value = total present value of future returns - initial investment
Internal rate of return: the discount rate that makes the net present value of an investment project equal to zero
Profitability index = total present value of future returns ÷ initial investment amount
Project risk measurement and treatment
adjusted cash flow method
adjusted discount rate method
Mergers and acquisitions
Way
Acquisitions, mergers and acquisitions, mergers and acquisitions
split, spin-off
Asset injection and asset replacement
Debt-for-equity swap and debt-for-equity swap
Business Valuation
Income Approach
dividend discount method
discounted cash flow method
P/E ratio method
Target enterprise value = total enterprise net profit × standard price-earnings ratio
price to book ratio method
Target enterprise value = total enterprise net assets × standard price-to-book ratio
P/E ratio relative to earnings growth ratio method
P/E ratio divided by earnings per share compound growth rate over the next 3-5 years
price to sales ratio
Target enterprise value = sales revenue × standard price-to-sales ratio
e-commerce
e-commerce operation system
three levels
Network layer
Information release layer
General business layer, the core is CA certification
four pillars
public policy
technical standard
Cybersecurity, a core area of e-commerce
laws and regulations
international business
Multinational Corporation (subject)
organizational form
Legal organizational form: parent company, branch, subsidiary, office
Management organizational form: international business department, global product structure, global destructure, global functional structure, global hybrid structure, matrix organizational structure
market entry mode
Export mode: direct export, indirect export
Licensing model: exclusive license, exclusive license, general license, sub-license, cross-license
Direct investment model: sole proprietorship, joint venture
business strategy
Global standardization strategy (high cost pressure, low regional adaptation pressure)
Localization strategy (low cost pressure, high regional adaptation pressure)
Transnational strategy (high cost pressure, high regional adjustment pressure)
International strategy (low cost pressure, low regional adjustment pressure)
international direct investment business
form
international joint venture
international cooperative enterprise
international sole proprietorship
motivation
Market-oriented motivation: break through foreign trade protection; consolidate and expand foreign markets; meet local needs; domestic market is saturated or encounter strong opponents
Cost-reducing motivations: access to raw materials; cheap labor; avoidance of exchange rate risks; tariffs; utilization of idle equipment, industrial property and know-how
Technology and management-oriented motivation: Acquire and utilize advanced foreign technologies, processes, designs, and methods
Risk-oriented motivation for diversification
Preferential policy-oriented motivations
theory
product life cycle theory
marginal industry theory
Comprehensive Theory of International Production (Comprehensive Theory of International Production)
Ownership advantages → technology transfer
Ownership advantages Internalization advantages → technology transfer
Ownership advantages, internalization advantages, location advantages → technology transfer
international trade
sign a contract
offer
accept
Sign
international export
Urgent certification, review of certification, modification of certification
Stocking, packaging, and marking
Export inspection
Apply for verification form for export receipts
Charter booking
Liner shipping, charter shipping
Cargo insurance
Ping An Insurance
Water damage insurance = Ping An insurance only covers losses caused by natural disasters
All risks = water damage insurance general additional insurance
Additional insurance
Export declaration
Cargo loading and shipping
Document preparation and settlement
Receive and settle foreign exchange
money transfer
Regular foreign exchange settlement
Handle verification of export receipts
Apply for export tax rebate
international import
Apply for issuance and modification of letter of credit
Charter booking
Cargo insurance
Import declaration
Import inspection
Pay the freight and change the area to pick up the bill of lading
took the goods
Import claims