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MindMap Gallery Physiology-Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Physiology-Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
This is a mind map about physiology - the endocrine function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It is introduced in detail and described comprehensively. I hope it will be helpful to those who are interested!
Edited at 2023-12-02 16:34:42
Physiology-Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Endocrine function of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Below the thalamus, around the third ventricle, a higher center related to neuromodulation and humoral regulation, peptidergic neurons secrete peptides
hypothalamus-adenopituitary gland
Hypothalamic regulatory peptide: a neuropeptide secreted by peptidergic neurons (small cell neurons) in the pituitary area of the hypothalamus. It regulates the function of the adenohypophysis through the pituitary portal vein.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), adrenotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (SS), prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) ), prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PIH), melanocyte-releasing hormone (MRH), melanocyte-releasing hormone (MIH)
hypothalamus-neurohypophysis
Secreted by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus and stored in the neurohypophysis
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), oxytocin
Regulation of hypothalamic hormone secretion
Neuromodulation: Modulation by neurotransmitters from other brain areas
Monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin)
Peptides (neurotensin, opioid peptides)
Feedback adjustment: long feedback, short feedback, ultra-short feedback (self-regulation)
pituitary
adenohypophyseal hormone
growth hormone (GH)
Basal secretion is rhythmic and pulsatile, species-specific
Mechanism
GH - target cells - growth hormone mediator (insulin-like growth factor IGF-1) - cartilage growth
Promote growth (division and proliferation of bone, cartilage, muscle and other tissue cells, protein synthesis)
Promote metabolism (promote protein synthesis, accelerate lipolysis, reduce insulin sensitivity resulting in glycemic effect)
Juvenile hypersecretion - gigantism, juvenile hyposecretion - dwarfism, adult hypersecretion - acromegaly
Regulation: Slow wave sleep promotes body growth and physical recovery; feedback regulation; the growth hormone secretagogue secreted by the stomach can promote the secretion of GH
Prolactin (PRL)
Mechanism
Regulates mammary glands (breast development in adolescence, mammary gland development during pregnancy, synthesis of casein, fat, phospholipids, etc. in milk after childbirth)
Regulate reproductive activity (suppress gonadotropins, reduce the release of GnRH), prevent ovulation during lactation, and achieve contraceptive purposes
Endocrine regulation: affected by prolactin-releasing factors and prolactin-releasing inhibitory factors; regulated by nerves, the baby sucks the nipple
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Secreted by the middle lobe of the pituitary gland, the cells of the middle pituitary gland can produce proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which can be derived into α/β/γ-MSH
Promote the production and dispersion of melanin, and promote the darker color of skin, irises and hair.
Dually regulated by hypothalamic melanogen-releasing factor (MRF) and melanogen-releasing inhibitory factor (MIF)
neurohypophyseal hormone
antidiuretic hormone
Regulates the body's extracellular fluid volume; vasoconstriction and blood pressure increase (binds with receptors on the main cell membrane of the renal collecting duct, activates the PKA pathway through Gs, and causes aquaporins in the cytoplasm to embed into the main cell membrane, enhancing water permeability and promoting water weight absorb)
Secretory disorders: diabetes insipidus (increased urination, dehydration of the body)
Oxytocin
Mechanism
Promote the contraction of uterine smooth muscle (for induction of labor, oxytocin and postpartum hemostasis, and treatment of uterine weakness), and promote the contraction of breast myoepithelial cells (acting on the periacini and breast duct muscles to stimulate milk discharge)
Regulation: release caused by stimulation of uterine muscles and compression and traction of cervix; neural regulation caused by sucking nipples