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MindMap Gallery Computer Information and Information Technology
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Computer Information and Information Technology
An article about the seventh grade information technology 1 Hebei Education Edition unit 1 information and information technology mind map, including computer information processing tools, computer operating systems, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-30 12:11:39
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Computer Information and Information Technology
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
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- Reproductive development of animals
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- Outline
Unit 1 Information and Information Technology
Lesson 4 Computer Internet Network
Computer Network (Key)
network hardware
3. Network connection equipment
network adapter
Function: Connect computers to communication facilities, convert digital signals from computers into electronic signals or electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted by communication lines.
Location: Plug into the computer's expansion slot.
Abbreviation: network card
Switch: It is a commonly used network device. It is used to connect multiple workstations to upper-level network devices such as routers. It can realize the exchange and transmission of data. It usually has several to dozens of ports.
Router: used to connect different types of networks.
1. Computers in the network
Server: The core device of the network system, responsible for network resource management and user services.
Workstation: A computer with independent processing capabilities, a terminal device for users to apply for services from the server.
2. Transmission medium
Glossary: A carrier for transmitting data, responsible for connecting multiple devices in the network.
Wired transmission media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber
Wireless transmission medium: radio waves, infrared rays
Network software
Including: network operating system, network communication protocol and network application software.
Glossary: A system in which multiple geographically dispersed computers are connected to each other through hardware devices and follow a unified communication protocol to realize resource sharing and information exchange.
Composition: computer system, data communication system, network operating system
Internet communication (difficulty)
IP address and domain name
domain name
Glossary: A set of characters with a certain meaning used on the Internet to represent server addresses.
multi-layer structure
"www" is the name of the World Wide Web server that provides network information services.
"gov" means government agency
"moe" means Ministry of Education
"cn" means China
IP address: The TCP/IP protocol stipulates that every computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address.
TCP/IP protocol: relies on connecting a large number of complex networks and different types of computers together and communicating with each other.
Network communication protocol
Purpose: A set of rules to ensure that data is correctly transmitted from one network node to another.
Function: During the transmission process, it controls the flow of data packets and detects errors in transmission. After arriving at the destination, it is reassembled into the original data file according to the sequence number carried, thereby completing the transmission of the entire file.
Common ways for families to access the Internet
phone line access
Network cable access
Optical fiber access
Classification of computer networks
LAN, MAN and WAN
Local Area Network (LAN) is a local area network, covering an area as small as a room or as large as several kilometers. Most of the networks established in schools and residential areas are local area networks.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has been widely used in various scenarios. More and more mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and smart watches are connected to the network through wireless LAN.
The coverage of the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is between the local area network and the wide area network. It usually connects multiple local area networks in a city to provide information services for the whole city.
Wide Area Network (WAN) is generally used to connect networks in different regions. Its coverage area is very large. Several cities, a country, several countries and even the whole world belong to the category of WAN.
Network Topology
Definition: The physical layout of computers, cables, and other components in a network.
Composition: star type, total type, ring type, mixed type
functions of computer network
Distributed Computing
information exchange
Resource Sharing
Lesson 2 Computers—Information Processing Tools
Working principles of computers (important and difficult points)
memory
In order to manage the stored information, the memory is divided into units, and the number of each unit is called the address of the unit. The information in the memory is accessed according to the address. Storing information into the memory is called "writing", and taking out the information from the memory is called "reading".
Memory is the memory device of a computer, used to store programs and data and provide these data to other components according to instructions.
Computer memory can be divided into main memory and auxiliary memory, also known as internal memory and external memory.
Operators and Controllers
The arithmetic unit and the controller form the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the core component of the computer.
The Control Unit analyzes program instructions and controls all parts of the computer to work in a coordinated manner.
Arithmetic Unit performs numerical calculations and logical operations.
input device
Input device can convert programs, numbers, graphics, images, sounds and other data into digital signals that the computer can accept and input them into the computer.
Common input devices include keyboard, mouse, light pen, scanner, etc.
output device
Output Device is a component used to output results. Output devices can convert the results of computer processing into perceptible or stored signals such as text, graphics, images, sounds, etc.
Common output devices include monitors, printers, plotters, etc.
How computers work: The instructions (programs) and data of electronic computers need to be stored in a "stored program control" in a memory.
Computer working principle diagram
Computer system composition
Computer features
Basic computer functions
Store and read operations
logical comparison judgment
number crunching
Characteristics of computers
Ability to save data and results
Fast computing speed
High accuracy
computer software system
application
Glossary: On the basis of system software, special software developed to meet people's needs in a certain aspect.
software
Data information management software: payroll management software, personnel management software, warehouse management software, plan management software, etc.
Graphics and image processing software: Photoshop, CoreDRAW, Illustator, etc.
Word processing software: Word, WPS, etc.
Software system
Glossary: Management software that controls, manages, and maintains the operation of computer systems and helps users use computers conveniently.
Software: operating system software, language processing programs, database management software, etc.
Computer software: computer programs and various documents describing the programs.
Computer hardware system (emphasis)
Computer hardware system: A collection of devices and equipment that constitute a computer system and have certain data processing functions.
Features
Host
External storage (hard disk storage, floppy disk storage, optical disk storage)
CPU
display adapter
internal memory
motherboard
power supply
sound card
Other external devices (printers, modems, plotters, scanners, etc.)
monitor
keyboard
mouse
From hand-brain computing tools to computing machines
The evolution and development of calculation tools: Finger counting > Knotting and engraving > Abacus > Various calculation tools
Computer development history
The fourth generation of electronic computers manufactured using large-scale integrated circuits
The third generation of electronic computers manufactured using integrated circuits
The first generation of electronic computers made with electron tubes
The second generation of electronic computers made of transistors
computer applications
Data processing, process inspection and control, auxiliary systems, multimedia processing, intelligence, computer networks, etc.
Lesson 5 Accessing the Internet
Access to information
A "keyword search" is typically performed using a full-text search engine.
Full text search engine
step
First, a Web program called a spider is used to traverse the entire Web space within a specified range, constantly moving from one web page to another web page, from one site to another site, and adding the collected web pages to the web page. in the database.
Then, the search engine indexes the collected web pages according to certain rules, and the index is generally stored in a large database.
Finally, when the user issues a query request to the search engine, the search engine accepts the query and returns the information to the user.
Function: Analyze hyperlinks and HTML codes of web pages, obtain web page information content, and analyze and organize them according to pre-designed rules to form an index for user query.
Composition: information collection, indexing, search
information exchange
Forums and communities
Forum: Also known as BBS, the full name is Bulletin Board System (electronic bulletin board) or Bulletin Board Service (bulletin board service). It is an interactive electronic information service system on the Internet. It provides a public electronic whiteboard on which each user can write, post information or express opinions.
Community: refers to an online communication space including forums, discussion groups, chat rooms, Weibo, etc. A community has a wider range of communication methods and user groups than a forum.
Forums and communities are spaces where users post information, share experiences and experiences, and engage in open communication.
Email: It is a fast, simple and efficient communication tool between network users. One of the most frequently used Internet applications.
Form: email (E-mail), mobile social networking, forums, and communities, etc.
Information browsing
HTML
Glossary: Hypertext markup language used in web pages to describe text, pictures, sounds, videos and other information in web pages.
Function: Define the structure and format of the web page, and tell the browser how to display the specified content through a series of tags.
Usually saved as a file with the extension htm or html.
The process of users browsing web page information: It is actually the process of data exchange between the browser and the web server using the http communication protocol.
World Wide Web: It is a system composed of many interconnected hypertexts. It is an important service that relies on the Internet.
Basic http protocol session process steps:
The client browser receives the data and displays it in the browser, and the server disconnects.
establish connection
send request
give reply
Information on the Internet is mainly presented in the form of web pages, and you need to use a browser to browse web information.
Information Sharing
Information Sharing refers to activities that enable the exchange of information and information products between information systems at different levels and departments in compliance with relevant laws and regulations on the basis of information standardization and standardization.
Information system refers to a human-machine integrated system composed of computer hardware, network and communication equipment, computer software, information resources, information users and rules and regulations for the purpose of processing information flow.
With the widespread application of computers and the Internet, information systems have penetrated into all aspects of social production and people's lives, such as online administrative approval systems, online shopping systems, weather query systems, etc.
The realization of information sharing is inseparable from the construction and use of information systems.
Lesson 1 We live in the information age
Representation form of information (key points)
Information carrier: In the process of information transmission and memory storage, the material form that carries information content is sometimes also called media.
Information is expressed through different carriers.
Sound information: information using sound as a carrier
Image information: information using images as carriers
Text information: information using text as a carrier
Multimedia information: Comprehensive presentation of information through multiple carrier forms is multimedia presentation of information.
Information depends on the carrier: Information is expressed through the carrier, and information can never be separated from the carrier.
The carrier is not the information: the information carrier is the material that expresses the information, not the information itself.
Information carrier - a specific form of expressing and transmitting information.
Information is expressed and delivered in concrete form.
human information activities
Information activities: The process of information processing and utilization that people do consciously or unconsciously in production and life, also called information processing activities.
Information processing: a specific information activity, or the specific processing links and processes of an information activity.
Links or types of information processing activities: information collection, information processing, information storage, and information transmission.
Information Island's explanation of link or type nouns.
Information is all around us
Form of expression: Information is expressed through specific forms such as symbols (such as text, images, etc.) and signals (such as actions with a certain meaning, photoelectric signals, etc.).
Definition: In everyday language, information usually refers to messages, intelligence, instructions, passwords, etc.
Source: Everything we perceive in life contains information.
Importance: Human life cannot be separated from information.
Information Island gives several definitions of information.
information Technology
High-tech applications: smart terminals, artificial intelligence, 5G communications, remote sensing and sensors, virtual reality, and augmented reality.
Information technology (broadly speaking): various technologies and means related to information collection, storage, transmission, processing and application.
Computer features
Fast processing speed
Large storage capacity
High calculation accuracy
Strong versatility
information technology (usually): modern information technology
Modern information technology core
computer technology
multimedia technology
network technology
information society
Agricultural society => Industrial society => Information society
Characteristics of the Information Society
Human labor is no longer mainly about manual operations, but mainly about processing information and operating information processing tools.
People complete production tasks by operating information-controlled machines.
Information literacy has become the basic literacy of human beings.
Information transfer process (difficulty)
Information transfer process (communication): the transfer of information between two things.
Explanation of terms in information island
The value and sharing of information
Information has value
Information is shareable or shareable, and information resources are shareable resources.
Lesson 3 Computer Operating System
Windows help system
Location: In the "Start" menu, select the "Help and Support" command to open the "Help and Support" home page. Enter keywords in the search bar, and the system will automatically retrieve and display related help topics.
Status: Windows "Help and Support" has two help statuses: offline and online. At the same time, there are related topic help links in many system program setting windows.
Role: Understand the terminology and operations in the Windows environment.
Operating system overview
Function: The operating system is a bridge for interaction between users and computers, mainly reflected in friendly human-computer interfaces, such as character commands and graphical interfaces.
Operating systems go through stages: manual operation, single-channel batch processing, multi-channel programming, time-sharing and real-time systems
Category: Multimedia operating system, network operating system, distributed operating system, embedded operating system
Application: The most widely used Windows operating system developed by Microsoft.
Start Windows 7 system
Self-test: During the computer startup process, the computer first checks whether the status of each hardware is normal.
Generally, this process does not require human intervention and is a self-starting process of the computer.
Windows operations
Applications of input devices such as mice, keyboards, and laptop touchpads.
Window and dialog box operations
Control panel operations
Menu operations
shortcut key
User Management
Processor management
Resource management
task management
Storage management
Device management
File management
Windows operating system interface
"Start Menu
task bar
desktop
icon
window
menu
teaching objectives
Learn about information and information technology
Understand the computer as an information processing tool
Learn about Windows computer operating systems
Start using computers to process information
Learn about computer communication networks
Access the Internet and surf easily