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MindMap Gallery Human Anatomy-Receptor Mind Map
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Human Anatomy-Receptor Mind Map
An article about human anatomy-receptor mind map. Receptors are composed of receptors and their accessory structures, including visual organs, vestibulocochlear organs, taste organs, olfactory organs, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-30 10:49:06
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Human Anatomy-Receptor Mind Map
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- Outline
sensor
Sensillae are composed of receptors and their associated structures. Including visual apparatus, vestibular cochlear apparatus, taste apparatus, olfactory apparatus, etc.
Receptors refer to structures that can receive various stimuli from the internal and external environment and convert the stimuli into nerve impulses.
Exteroceptor: A structure that receives stimulation from the external environment and converts the stimulation into nerve impulses.
Interoceptors: Structures that receive physical or chemical stimulation from the internal environment and convert the stimulation into nerve impulses.
Proprioceptors: Structures that receive stimuli generated by the body's movement and balance processes and convert the stimuli into nerve impulses.
monitor
eyeball
Anterior pole: the center point in front of the eyeball Posterior pole: the midpoint of the back Axis of the eye: the line connecting the anterior and posterior poles Visual axis: The line from the center of the pupil to the fovea of the retina, which is consistent with the direction of the line of sight, is called the visual axis. The axis of the eye crosses the visual axis at an acute angle
eyeball wall
Fibrous membrane (adventitia) of the eyeball
cornea
It accounts for the first 1/6 of the fibrous membrane of the eyeball. It is colorless and transparent, has no blood vessels, and has abundant sensory nerve endings, so it has a keen sense. The front is convex and the back is concave, with a certain refractive effect.
sclera
Occupies 5/6 of the back, opaque, milky white At the junction of the sclera and the cornea, there is a circular scleral venous sinus (also known as Schlemm's canal) deep inside.
The tunica media of the eyeball ——Contains rich blood vessels, nerves and pigments, and is brown-black in color Therefore, it is also called pigment film
iris
The most anterior part, disk-shaped pupil pupillary sphincter (parasympathetic) pupillary dilator muscle (sympathetic nerve)
ciliary body
Ring-shaped, it is the thickest part of the vascular membrane of the eyeball ciliary ring ciliary process Ciliary zonules (zonules of lens) Ciliary muscles (circular muscles, radial muscles)
Function: Adjust the curvature of the lens produce aqueous humor
Choroid
Occupies the posterior 2/3 of the vascular membrane of the eyeball
Delivers nutrients and absorbs scattered light within the eye to avoid disrupting vision
Retina (intima)
retinal blindness
iris department
ciliary body
retinal vision
choroidal pars
In the rear center of the optic part of the retina, there is a milky white round bulge at the beginning of the optic nerve, which is called the optic disc. There are no photoreceptor cells here, which is called a physiological blind spot. There is a light yellow area called the macula about 3.5mm slightly below the temporal side of the optic nerve, and there is a depression in the center called the fovea. There are no blood vessels here, and it is the most sensitive part of the retina to detect light.
organizational structure
Outer layer: pigment epithelium
Inner layer: neural layer
External: photoreceptor cells (optic cells)
Rod cells: detect low light
Cones: detect bright light and color
Center: bipolar cells
Intra: ganglion cells
The axons of ganglion cells are longer and converge toward the optic disc, passing through the choroid and sclera to form the optic nerve.
eyeball contents
These structures are transparent, avascular and refractive Together with the cornea, it is called the refractive system of the eye.
Aqueous humor (Ocular chamber and aqueous humor)
eye room
anterior chamber
In the front, the annular space at the junction of the iris and cornea is called the iridocorneal angle, also known as the anterior chamber. This angle is the only way for aqueous humor circulation. Iridocorneal space: spongy structures on both sides
posterior chamber of eye
Aqueous humor
Aqueous humor circulation:
Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → iridocorneal angle → scleral sinus → anterior ciliary vein → ophthalmic vein
Provides nutrients to the non-vascular structures in the eye, arteries → veins
When there is a circulatory disorder, the fluid stagnates in the eye chamber and the intraocular pressure increases, which can cause visual impairment, which is called "glaucoma"
In addition to its refractive effect, it also nourishes the cornea and lens and maintains intraocular pressure.
lens
Immediately behind the iris, located within the lens capsule and surrounded by the ciliary body It is a biconvex lens, with the back more convex.
Lens capsule, lens cortex, lens nucleus
If the lens becomes cloudy due to disease or trauma, it is called a cataract.
It is the main device of the eye refractive system. When looking at near objects: the ciliary muscle contracts, the ciliary ring shrinks, the ciliary zonules relax, the lens retracts and becomes convex, the front curvature increases, and the refractive power strengthens, allowing objects to be focused on the retina. When looking at distant objects, the opposite is true.
As we age, the lens gradually loses elasticity, the ciliary muscles gradually atrophy, and the adjustment function decreases, resulting in "presbyopia"
Vitreous body
A colorless and transparent gelatinous substance with a vitreous capsule on the surface. It is filled between the lens and the retina and accounts for 4/5 of the inner cavity of the eyeball.
Has a refractive effect and supports the retina; Vitreous opacity can affect vision; Retinal detachment (vitreous atrophy) can occur if the support function is weakened
Emmetropia: the object of vision falls on the retina Myopia: The axial length of the eye is too long or the refractive power of the refractive system is too large, causing objects to fall in front of the retina. Farsightedness: vice versa Astigmatism: A refractive disorder caused by changes in the curvature of the corneal surface
Vitreous opacity → "floaters"
Eye accessories
eyelids
Upper eyelid, lower eyelid, palpebral fissure, medial canthus, lateral canthus, eyelid margin, eyelashes, eyelash glands (acute inflammation is called "stye")
It is divided into five layers from shallow to deep: skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle layer, tarsal plate, and palpebral conjunctiva.
The tarsal plate is composed of dense connective tissue and is half-moon shaped. The inner and outer ends of the upper and lower tarsae synthesize horizontally running connective tissue bands that are attached to the inner and outer edges of the orbit. They are called the medial palpebral ligament and the lateral palpebral ligament respectively. There are meibomian glands in the eyelids, which open at the eyelid margin and secrete Oily liquid that lubricates the eyelid margin and prevents tear spillage Meibomian glands are blocked, forming meibomian gland cysts, also known as "shot tumours"
conjunctiva
It is a thin and transparent serous membrane that covers the back of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball and is rich in blood vessels.
It is divided into three parts according to its location: palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, and conjunctival fornix.
The conjunctiva surrounds a cystic cavity called the conjunctival sac, which communicates with the outside world through the palpebral fissure.
Conjunctivitis→pink eye
tear organ
lacrimal gland
The lacrimal fossa located on the lateral part of the supraorbital wall secretes tears to clean the cornea. Excess tears flow to the tear lake at the medial canthus and enter the lacrimal canaliculus through the puncta.
Tears can moisten the surface of the eyeball, prevent drying of the cornea, and wash away dust; tears contain lysozyme, which has a bactericidal effect
duct of tears
tears
Lacrimal canaliculi (upper and lower)
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
Membranous duct, opening on the lateral wall of the inferior meatus
extraocular muscles
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Lift the upper eyelid
oculomotor nerve
superior oblique muscle
Pupils turn downward and outward
trochlear nerve
inferior oblique muscle
SISU
oculomotor nerve
Superior rectus muscle
jouchi
oculomotor nerve
Inferior rectus muscle
Shimouchi
oculomotor nerve
medial rectus muscle
inside
oculomotor nerve
lateral rectus muscle
outside
abducens nerve
Orbital fat body and orbital fascia
The eyeball, eye muscles and tear apparatus do not fill the orbital cavity, and the space is filled by a large amount of fatty tissue, called orbital liposomes. Orbital fat bodies can fix various structures in the orbit and act like elastic cushions. The fascial tissue in the orbit is collectively called orbital fascia. The dense fibrous membrane between the orbital fat body and the posterior exterior of the eyeball is called the eyeball fascia, also known as the eyeball sheath, or Tenon's capsule. The inner surface of the eyeball sheath is smooth, and the gap between it and the eyeball is called the episcleral space. It is filled with loose connective tissue, and the eyeball can rotate flexibly in the capsule.
Eye blood vessels and nerves
artery
Ophthalmic artery (middle retinal artery)
vein
ophthalmic vein
Superior ophthalmic vein→inject into cavernous sinus through superior orbital fissure
Inferior eye vein (two branches) → Inject into the ophthalmic vein through the superior orbital fissure →Inject into the pterygoid plexus through the inferior orbital fissure
nerve
Optic nerve, ophthalmic nerve (nasociliary nerve, lacrimal nerve), trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic nerve, sympathetic nerve
vestibulocochlear organ (ear)
The vestibular cochlear apparatus is mainly composed of two parts: the vestibular apparatus and the cochlear apparatus. The vestibular apparatus mainly refers to the sensory device that senses changes in head position, also known as the position sensor. The cochlea mainly refers to the transmission and reception device of sound waves, also known as the hearing device
external ear
auricle
Located on both sides of the head, the convex side is backward and the concave side is forward and outward. The auricle is mainly based on elastic cartilage and is covered with skin. It has little subcutaneous tissue but rich blood vessels and nerves.
The lower 1/3 of the auricle has no subcutaneous cartilage and is mainly composed of fibrous connective tissue and fat. It is rich in blood vessels and is called the earlobe. It is a commonly used clinical blood collection site.
Helix, antihelix, triangular fossa, scaphoid, concha, concha boat, concha cavity, antiauricle, tragus, antitragus, tragal notch
external auditory canal
Horizontal "S" shape The outer 1/3 is cartilage, based on the auricle cartilage; the inner 2/3 is bony, based on the temporal bone and covered with skin.
The external auditory canal is a curved tube. From the outside to the inside, its direction is first forward and upward, then slightly backward, and then forward and downward.
Examine the external auditory canal. Pull the auricle backward and upward to straighten the external auditory canal. Infant: Pull the auricle backward and downward
The skin of the external auditory canal is thin and tightly combined with the periosteum, so inflammatory swelling is often painful and severe. Contains cerumen glands, which secrete cerumen. After drying, it forms scabs → blocks the external auditory canal, which is called cerumen embolism and can hinder hearing.
eardrum
The tympanic membrane is an oval-shaped translucent membrane located between the tympanic cavity and the external auditory canal. The tympanic membrane is in an inclined position at the bottom of the external auditory canal (the tympanic membrane and the bottom of the external auditory canal are at an angle of approximately 45°, forming a shallow funnel shape). Its outer surface slopes forward, downward, and outward.
Tympanic membrane, anterior malleus fold, posterior malleus fold
The upper 14th is the part flaccid; the lower 3/4 is the part tense.
There is a triangular reflective area called the light cone in the front and lower part of the umbilicus of the tympanic membrane. The light cone disappears when the tympanic membrane is damaged.
middle ear
tympanum
The tympanum is an irregular air-containing cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is the core of the middle ear and is the main pathway for sound wave conduction. There is mucous membrane inside → inflammation occurs → “otitis media”
The tympanum is an irregular cavity surrounded by six walls
Upper wall: tegmen tympanum
Inferior wall: jugular vein wall
Anterior wall: carotid artery wall
Posterior wall: mastoid wall
Lateral wall: tympanic membrane wall
medial wall: labyrinth wall
Promontory, vestibular window (vestibular membrane, oval window), cochlear window (round window) → second tympanic membrane, facial canal convexity Otitis media→Facial nerve injury
Intratympanic structures: ossicles
Malleus: one head, one handle and two processes
Incus: body, long and short legs
Stapes: head, two feet and bottom four parts. The base of the stapes is connected to the periphery of the vestibular window, closing the vestibular window
Exercise the muscles of the ossicles
tensor tympani muscle
Located in the semi-canal of the tensor tympani muscle above the Eustachian tube, it ends at the upper end of the malleus manubrium and has a tight The function of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
stapedius muscle
It is located in the cone protuberance and ends at the stapes. Its function is to pull the base of the stapes outward and adjust the pressure of sound waves on the inner ear. This muscle is innervated by the facial nerve.
Eustachian tube
The Eustachian tube connects the pharyngeal cavity and the tympanic cavity to equalize the atmospheric pressure between the tympanic cavity and the outside world so that the tympanic membrane can vibrate.
Bone: Opens into the front wall of the tympanum
Cartilaginous part: The medial end opens into the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube
The Eustachian tube of young children is shorter and flatter than that of adults, and the diameter of the tube is larger. Therefore, pharyngeal infection can easily invade the tympanic cavity along the Eustachian tube and cause middle ear inflammation.
Mastoid antrum and mastoid cells
The mastoid antrum is a large cavity between the tympanum and the mastoid process, which has been fully developed in newborns.
Mastoid cells are numerous interconnected air-containing cavities within the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
The mastoid antrum and mastoid cells are devices in the middle ear that absorb scattered sound waves. They help buffer the changes in intratympanic air pressure during the movement of the tympanic membrane and the ossicle chain, and may help eliminate the impact of tympanic air fluctuations on the cochlear window. The interference and influence of the tympanic membrane help maintain the dynamic balance during the pressure changes inside and outside the second tympanic membrane. Because the tympanum is connected to the mastoid cells through the mastoid antrum, and the lining mucosa is also continuous with each other, otitis media can spread from the tympanum to the mastoid antrum and even the mastoid cells.
inner ear
bony labyrinth
Cochlea
Located in front of the vestibule, shaped like a snail shell
The cochlear canal (cochlear canal) starts from the vestibule, rotates around the modio axis for about two and a half turns, and ends at the top of the cochlear with its blind end. The bony spiral plate emanating from the modiolus protrudes into the cochlear canal.
There are three ducts in the cochlea, the scala vestibule above, the membranous cochlear duct in the middle, the scala tympani below, and finally the second tympanic membrane on the cochlear window. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected to each other through the cochlear foramen at the top of the cochlea.
vestibule
Utricle, saccule, vestibular window, cochlear window
bony semicircular canals
They are three "C" shaped small tubes arranged at right angles to each other, which are called the anterior, posterior and ectoskeletal semicircular canals respectively.
Each bony semicircular canal has two legs, one is a single bone foot and the other is an ampulla bone foot. There is an enlarged bony ampulla on the ampulla bone crus. The single bony crus of the anterior and posterior bony semicircular canals are combined into one common bony crus. Therefore, only five holes of the three bony semicircular canals open to the posterior superior wall of the vestibule.
membranous labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth is a membranous tube and sac enclosed within the bony labyrinth, and is fixed to the bony labyrinth by fibrous bundles.
utricle and saccule
Located in the vestibular part of the bony labyrinth.
Utricular macula and saccule macula → Position sense receptors → Feel the static position of the head and the stimulation of linear variable speed movement → Their nerve impulses are transmitted along the utricle branch and saccule branch of the vestibular nerve respectively.
The utricle is located posteriorly and superiorly to the vestibule, and the saccule is located anteriorly and inferiorly to the utricle. The posterior wall of the utricle has five openings that connect the three membranous semicircular canals.
The anterior wall of the utricle emits an oval saccular duct connected to the saccule, and from this duct the endolymphatic duct passes through the medial wall of the vestibule to the back of the petrous part of the temporal bone, where it expands into the endolymphatic sac under the dura mater. Endolymph can penetrate into peripheral blood vessels through this sac and
membrane semicircular canals
Located within the bony semicircular canals
The membranous semicircular canals within the three bone ampullae also have correspondingly enlarged membranous ampullae, and there is a raised ampullae ridge on the inner wall of the membranous ampulla, which is also a position sense receptor and can feel the stimulation of rotational movement (start and stop).
cochlear duct
Connected to the saccule and terminated at the top of the cochlea. Triangular in cross section with three walls
Upper wall: vestibular membrane, also known as cochlear duct vestibular wall
Outer wall: thicker and rich in blood vessels, combined with the tympanic membrane of the cochlear canal
Lower wall: composed of bony spiral plate and spiral membrane (also called cochlear tympanum), separated from scala tympani The spiral membrane, also known as the basilar membrane, has spiral organs on it, which are auditory receptors.
air conduction
The auricle collects sound waves → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane (causing tympanic membrane vibration) → ossicle chain → stapes base → vestibular window → scala vestibular perilymph → vestibular membrane → endolymph in the cochlear duct → spiral membrane (basal membrane) → ① spiral organ → Cilia → produce nerve impulses → cochlear nerve → brain (auditory center) → produce hearing
②Spiral organ → Bipolar cells (first-level neurons) in the cochlear spiral ganglion → Peripheral processes are distributed in the spiral organ of the inner ear → Central processes form the cochlear nerve → End in the cochlear nerve nucleus (anterior and posterior nuclei) (second-level neurons ) → most of them cross to form the trapezoid → upward to form the lateral lemniscus → a small part does not cross and enter the lateral lemniscus on the same side → most of the lateral lemniscus ascends to end in the inferior colliculus, and a small part ends directly in the medial geniculate body → inferior colliculus (Third-pole neurons) → Send out fibers through the inferior colliculus arm and end at the medial geniculate body (fourth-level neurons) → Send out fibers to form auditory radiation → Project to the bilateral transverse temporal gyri (auditory area) through the posterior limb of the internal capsule )
inner auditory canal
Inner auditory canal: starts from the inner ear door and ends at the bottom of the inner auditory canal. The internal auditory canal is traversed by the labyrinthine artery originating from the vestibulocochlear nerve, facial nerve, and basilar artery. The vestibulocochlear nerve divides into the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve within the internal auditory canal. They transmit impulses generated by position sense and auditory receptors into the brain respectively.
Blood vessels of the inner ear: The arteries of the inner ear mainly come from the labyrinthine artery that originates from the basilar artery. It enters the inner ear along the vestibulocochlear nerve through the door of the inner ear and branches to supply the labyrinth. Veins from the inner ear join to form the labyrinthine veins, which drain into the superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, or transverse sinus.