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MindMap Gallery Reproductive organs of seed plants 3 mind map

Reproductive organs of seed plants 3 mind map

A mind map about the reproductive organs of seed plants 3, with a detailed introduction and comprehensive description. I hope it can help interested friends learn.

Edited at 2023-11-27 07:19:16

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Reproductive organs of seed plants 3 mind map

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Outline

reproductive organs of seed plants

reproduce

concept

Reproduction: The phenomenon by which plants produce new individuals to continue their offspring.

Reproduction: the phenomenon of the development of germ cells into the next generation of new individuals

Significance: 1. Increase the number of individuals and expand the scope of life. 2. Heredity, variation and selection during the reproduction process produce plant diversity. 3. There are two types of artificial breeding available.

type

vegetative reproduction

Natural vegetative reproduction: fission; vegetative body fragmentation; abnormal roots and stems

Artificial vegetative propagation: cuttings; layering; separation; grafting

Asexual reproduction: At a certain period of its life history, spore plants form asexual reproductive cells, spores, which have the ability to germinate and produce new individuals after being separated from the mother.

Sexual reproduction: Gametic reproduction, called gamete sexual reproductive cells, fuses with each other to form a zygote, and then develops into a new individual from the zygote.

isogametic reproduction

anisogametic reproduction

ovoreproduction

flower

Formation: apical meristem ~ floral primordium ~ flower bud ~ flower

Flower concept and flower composition

The concept of flowers: Flowers are abnormal short branches adapted to reproduction

The formation of floral tube: apical meristem - (gradually differentiate from outside to inside) - calyx primordium, corolla primordium, stamen primordium, pistil primordium

flower composition

flower stalk

Or peduncle, it can position the flower in a favorable position for pollination and pollination. It is also the short stalk that connects the flower and the stem. The structure of the flower stalk is the same as that of the stem

receptacle

The top part of the flower stalk

perianth

Calyx (outside): the collective name for the sepals in a flower

Corolla (inner): the collective name for the petals in a flower

At the same time, there are double-tepal flowers or two-tepal flowers, only the calyx is single-flowered, and none of them are non-tepal flowers such as poplar and willow.

stamen group

Anthers: produce pollen grains. Structurally, it consists of 4 or 2 pollen sacs, divided into two halves, connected by a septum in the middle. When the pollen matures, it breaks apart on its own and the pollen is released from the crack.

filigree

Located inside or above the perianth, arranged in a spiral or wheel shape on the receptacle

pistil group

The basic unit that makes up the pistil is called the carpel (which makes up the ovary), which is a metamorphosed leaf with reproductive functions.

stigma

style

Ovary: The hollow part of the ovary is the chamber; the egg-shaped body embedded in the ovary is the ovule

ovule

Pearl center

bead quilt

bead handle

completely spent

The diversity and evolution of the structure of each part of the flower

The evolution of flower number

The relatively fixed number of flowers (such as 3, 4, 5) is called the flower base number

Evolutionary trend: from indeterminate to less but definite

Changes in arrangement

spiral

gear teeth

changes in symmetry

Multi-faceted symmetry (primitiveness)

Symmetry on both sides

asymmetrical

One-sided symmetry

Changes in ovary position

Unisexual flowers are an evolutionary feature

Ovary and placental types

inflorescence

disordered inflorescence

Limited Highlights

Flower program and flower schema

flower program

flower schema

development of stamens

Stamens (microsporophylls)

Filaments: Not directly related to reproduction, they transport nutrients to the anthers for their development and support the expansion of the anthers in space.

Anther: It is the main part of the stamen that produces pollen. Most angiosperms are composed of four pollen sacs (microsporangia), located on both sides of the septum, one pair on each side. The pollen sac is surrounded by a sac wall and contains many pollen grains. When the anthers mature, the wall between the two pollen sacs on each side of the septum ruptures to form a chamber where the pollen sacs release pollen for pollination.

Anther development and microspore formation

stamen primordia

anther primitive

Epidermal cells - epidermis (damaged)

sporogenous cells

Primary parietal cells - periperipheral division -

Pharmacy inner wall (fiber layer)

Several thin-walled cells appear at the junction between the two pollen sacs. When the anther matures, it splits to form a crack, called a slit, which is where mature pollen is released.

middle level

During meiosis of microspores, a large amount of starch or other storage substances are reduced, the cells become flat and gradually disintegrate, and are eventually digested and absorbed. There is generally no middle layer in mature anthers.

Tapetum (disintegration)

The innermost layer of the pollen sac wall is larger in volume than the parietal cells of the peripheral cells and has the characteristics of gland cells. Initially it is single-core and then it becomes two-core or multi-core. Provides nutrients similar to the middle layer

Callose, which releases microspores from tetrads

Sporogenic cells——(Mitosis)——

Pollen mother cell (microspore mother cell) - meiosis - pollen cell (microspore)

The four microspores first come together, called tetrads, and then separate to form four pollen grains.

pollen sac wall

septa and vascular bundles

Development and morphological structure of pollen grains

mononuclear pollen

unequal first nuclear division

Vegetative cells (large) are involved in the formation and growth of pollen tubes

Germ cells (minor) role: produce two sperm cells, directly involved in reproduction

Two layers of pollen wall development

Thin inner wall

The outer layer is thickened into patterns and has germination holes.

mature pollen grains

Two-celled pollen grains: contain only vegetative cells and reproductive cells

Three-celled pollen grain: the pre-mature germ cells undergo one mitosis to form two sperm cells and one vegetative cell.

Pollen abortion and male sterility

Pollen abortion may be caused by external factors such as low temperature or severe drought, which prevent the pollen mother cells from carrying out normal meiosis.

Genetic problems 1. Degeneration of anthers: all anthers are shriveled up and only the filaments remain. 2. No pollen is produced in the anthers; 3. The pollen produced is abortive.