MindMap Gallery Veterinary Pharmacology Peripheral Nervous System
This is a mind map about the peripheral nervous system in veterinary pharmacology, including efferent nerve drugs, afferent nerve drugs, classification, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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Peripheral nervous system pharmacology
efferent nerve drugs
Autonomic nerve medicine (self-help nerve medicine) Can activate, enhance or inhibit the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system functional medicine
adrenergic drugs
Receptor Classification
adrenergic receptors
α β
choline receptor
M N
Adrenergic drugs (adrenergic agonist)
Catecholamines
Adrenaline
Produce positive probability and positive psychological effects, powerful bronchodilator, gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation, Iris radial muscle contraction rescues cardiac arrest, and is used simultaneously to relieve asthma and local anesthesia To treat allergic reactions, it is non-selective and cannot be used in combination with other cardiotonic drugs to stop bleeding locally.
Norepinephrine
Alpha-agonists cause peripheral vasoconstriction and are used to increase blood pressure in shock or acute hypotension
isoproterenol
Wheezing, increasing cardiac output, calming asthma and relieving bronchospasm
dopamine
Promote the release of norepinephrine, directly acting on dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to treat Heart failure, acute oliguria, renal failure
Dobutamine
Treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
Clenbuterol
Promote fat decomposition and increase protein content. Clenbuterol is prohibited
non-catecholamines
Ephedrine
Oral administration, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, promotes the release of norepinephrine and relieves asthma. Rescue barbiturate poisoning, treat rhinitis, dilate bronchial smooth muscle and relieve asthma
Methoxyamine
Antiasthmatic, selectively acts on bronchial smooth muscle
anti-adrenergic drugs (Receptor Classification)
alpha adrenergic blockers
Phentolamine
beta adrenergic blockers
non-selective beta
Selective β1
Selective β2
central blocking agents
adrenergic neuron blocking drugs
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
cholinergic drugs
cholinergic drugs
Main effect: Excitation of M receptors located in smooth muscles and glands Causes decreased smooth muscle contractility, gastrointestinal peristalsis, and defecation to enhance bronchoconstriction
Cholinergic drugs that act directly on parasympathetic nerves
Mainly used to treat gastrointestinal, bladder relaxation, glaucoma miosis treatment, vomiting treatment
Choline ester compounds
acetylcholine
Promote gastrointestinal motility
carbamylcholine
It has dual functions of m-like and n-like, used for laxative, subcutaneous injection Atropine can be used as an antidote when given multiple times in small doses
bethanecholine
M-like effect, subcutaneous injection to treat non-obstructive bladder urinary bladder and abnormal emptying
Plant alkaloids
Arecoline
Promote gastrointestinal peristalsis and promote defecation
Pilocarpine
Make statistics to selectively excite m-receptors to promote gastrointestinal turbulence and treat gastrointestinal sluggishness, avant-garde sluggishness, incomplete obstructive intestinal constipation subcutaneous injection, defecation
Cholinergic drugs that act indirectly on parasympathetic nerves
reversible inhibitor
neostigmine
Inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and has a strong excitatory effect on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder and uterus. Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Gastrointestinal Delay
pyridostigmine bromide
irreversible inhibitor
Organophosphates
Gaseous chemical warfare agents
Competitively binds to acetylcholinesterase, preventing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to produce effects similar to acetylcholine. Acts without selectivity
anticholinergics
Main functions: Effectors in cholinergic postganglionic innervation and smooth muscle not innervated by cholinergic nerves Inhibits the M-like effects of acetylcholine
Application: Pre-anesthetic administration to reduce gastrointestinal tract activity, ophthalmic medication, and reduce hyperactivity in small animals.
Classification
synthetics
Plant alkaloids
Scopolamine
Dilate pupils, inhibit gland secretion, treat smooth muscle sperm and rescue organophosphorus poisoning, administer before anesthesia
atropine
Competing for m receptors prevents acetylcholine from binding to acetylcholine drugs, Mydriasis inhibits the release of saliva from salivary glands, detoxifies and relieves spasms.
Muscle relaxants (muscle relaxants)
Neuro-muscle blocking drugs
non-depolarizing type
Tubocurarine: intravenously, intramuscularly
depolarizing type
Succinylcholine
N2 receptor blockers, non-competitive muscle relaxants, and non-depolarizing blockers, diuretics may have synergistic effects. Short-term surgical assisted anesthesia
Mechanism of action: Inhibiting the synthesis and release of acetylcholine presents a wide range of n-like and m-like side effects
central muscle relaxants
peripheral muscle relaxants
afferent neurologic drugs
local anesthetic
Concept: low therapeutic concentration, temporary and reversible blocking of the medication site. Drugs that cause nerve endings to conduct nerve conflicts and eliminate pain sensation in local tissues
Pharmacological effects: Block the sensory impulses of autonomic nerves and motor nerves at effective concentrations. The impulse blocking effect of motor neurons. Strong combination with epinephrine to reduce the absorption rate of local anesthetics.
Application, local anesthesia method
Topical anesthesia, strong penetration
Infiltration anesthesia, local anesthetic, injected directly into the subcutaneous intradermal base
Nerve block anesthesia, nerve dry anesthesia, wide range of anesthesia
intravenous drug delivery
Epidural anesthesia
closed therapy
spinal or subarachnoid anesthesia
Procaine
Ester short-acting drugs cannot be used for surface anesthesia and are used for infiltration anesthesia and conduction anesthesia. Not to be used in combination with sulfonamides and digitalis
lidocaine
Mid-effect amide drugs have strong penetrating power and rapid onset of action. They can be administered by topical anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and local injection.
Tetracaine
Today I often want strong penetration and a strong incubation period for local anesthesia. Long duration of anesthesia
Skin and mucous membrane drugs
Protective agent
Drugs that have a mechanical protective effect on nerve receptors in the skin and mucous membranes and alleviate harmful factors
adsorbent
Insoluble in water, stable in nature
Sprinkle powder: absorb moisture
Pulp medicine
Inactive, soluble in water, the aqueous solution is in a mushy state, and can alleviate physical or chemical irritation.
Glycerin propylene glycol starch gelatin arabic gum
lubricant
Grease and petrolatum synthetic polymers
Vegetable oils, animal fats, minerals, artificial synthetics
astringent
Precipitates proteins on the surface of damaged or inflamed tissue to form a protective film
Tannic acid, tannic acid protein, amelon
stimulants
Stimulates skin and mucous membrane receptors and sensory nerve endings
turpentine
Ichthyolipid
ammonia solution
Classification
Agonist: A drug that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce effects similar to those of a transmitter.
Antagonist: A drug that cannot activate the receptor after binding to the receptor, hinders the binding of the transmitter to the receptor, and produces an opposite effect to the transmitter.