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MindMap Gallery Veterinary Pharmacology Peripheral Nervous System

Veterinary Pharmacology Peripheral Nervous System

This is a mind map about the peripheral nervous system in veterinary pharmacology, including efferent nerve drugs, afferent nerve drugs, classification, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-26 20:28:12

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Veterinary Pharmacology Peripheral Nervous System

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Outline

Peripheral nervous system pharmacology

efferent nerve drugs

Autonomic nerve medicine (self-help nerve medicine) Can activate, enhance or inhibit the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system functional medicine

adrenergic drugs

Receptor Classification

adrenergic receptors

α β

choline receptor

M N

Adrenergic drugs (adrenergic agonist)

Catecholamines

Adrenaline

Produce positive probability and positive psychological effects, powerful bronchodilator, gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation, Iris radial muscle contraction rescues cardiac arrest, and is used simultaneously to relieve asthma and local anesthesia To treat allergic reactions, it is non-selective and cannot be used in combination with other cardiotonic drugs to stop bleeding locally.

Norepinephrine

Alpha-agonists cause peripheral vasoconstriction and are used to increase blood pressure in shock or acute hypotension

isoproterenol

Wheezing, increasing cardiac output, calming asthma and relieving bronchospasm

dopamine

Promote the release of norepinephrine, directly acting on dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to treat Heart failure, acute oliguria, renal failure

Dobutamine

Treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

Clenbuterol

Promote fat decomposition and increase protein content. Clenbuterol is prohibited

non-catecholamines

Ephedrine

Oral administration, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, promotes the release of norepinephrine and relieves asthma. Rescue barbiturate poisoning, treat rhinitis, dilate bronchial smooth muscle and relieve asthma

Methoxyamine

Antiasthmatic, selectively acts on bronchial smooth muscle

anti-adrenergic drugs (Receptor Classification)

alpha adrenergic blockers

Phentolamine

beta adrenergic blockers

non-selective beta

Selective β1

Selective β2

central blocking agents

adrenergic neuron blocking drugs

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

cholinergic drugs

Main effect: Excitation of M receptors located in smooth muscles and glands Causes decreased smooth muscle contractility, gastrointestinal peristalsis, and defecation to enhance bronchoconstriction

Cholinergic drugs that act directly on parasympathetic nerves

Mainly used to treat gastrointestinal, bladder relaxation, glaucoma miosis treatment, vomiting treatment

Choline ester compounds

acetylcholine

Promote gastrointestinal motility

carbamylcholine

It has dual functions of m-like and n-like, used for laxative, subcutaneous injection Atropine can be used as an antidote when given multiple times in small doses

bethanecholine

M-like effect, subcutaneous injection to treat non-obstructive bladder urinary bladder and abnormal emptying

Plant alkaloids

Arecoline

Promote gastrointestinal peristalsis and promote defecation

Pilocarpine

Make statistics to selectively excite m-receptors to promote gastrointestinal turbulence and treat gastrointestinal sluggishness, avant-garde sluggishness, incomplete obstructive intestinal constipation subcutaneous injection, defecation

Cholinergic drugs that act indirectly on parasympathetic nerves

reversible inhibitor

neostigmine

Inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and has a strong excitatory effect on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder and uterus. Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Gastrointestinal Delay

pyridostigmine bromide

irreversible inhibitor

Organophosphates

Gaseous chemical warfare agents

Competitively binds to acetylcholinesterase, preventing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to produce effects similar to acetylcholine. Acts without selectivity

anticholinergics

Main functions: Effectors in cholinergic postganglionic innervation and smooth muscle not innervated by cholinergic nerves Inhibits the M-like effects of acetylcholine

Application: Pre-anesthetic administration to reduce gastrointestinal tract activity, ophthalmic medication, and reduce hyperactivity in small animals.

Classification

synthetics

Plant alkaloids

Scopolamine

Dilate pupils, inhibit gland secretion, treat smooth muscle sperm and rescue organophosphorus poisoning, administer before anesthesia

atropine

Competing for m receptors prevents acetylcholine from binding to acetylcholine drugs, Mydriasis inhibits the release of saliva from salivary glands, detoxifies and relieves spasms.

Muscle relaxants (muscle relaxants)

Neuro-muscle blocking drugs

non-depolarizing type

Tubocurarine: intravenously, intramuscularly

depolarizing type

Succinylcholine

N2 receptor blockers, non-competitive muscle relaxants, and non-depolarizing blockers, diuretics may have synergistic effects. Short-term surgical assisted anesthesia

Mechanism of action: Inhibiting the synthesis and release of acetylcholine presents a wide range of n-like and m-like side effects

central muscle relaxants

peripheral muscle relaxants

afferent neurologic drugs

local anesthetic

Concept: low therapeutic concentration, temporary and reversible blocking of the medication site. Drugs that cause nerve endings to conduct nerve conflicts and eliminate pain sensation in local tissues

Pharmacological effects: Block the sensory impulses of autonomic nerves and motor nerves at effective concentrations. The impulse blocking effect of motor neurons. Strong combination with epinephrine to reduce the absorption rate of local anesthetics.

Application, local anesthesia method

Topical anesthesia, strong penetration

Infiltration anesthesia, local anesthetic, injected directly into the subcutaneous intradermal base

Nerve block anesthesia, nerve dry anesthesia, wide range of anesthesia

intravenous drug delivery

Epidural anesthesia

closed therapy

spinal or subarachnoid anesthesia

Procaine

Ester short-acting drugs cannot be used for surface anesthesia and are used for infiltration anesthesia and conduction anesthesia. Not to be used in combination with sulfonamides and digitalis

lidocaine

Mid-effect amide drugs have strong penetrating power and rapid onset of action. They can be administered by topical anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and local injection.

Tetracaine

Today I often want strong penetration and a strong incubation period for local anesthesia. Long duration of anesthesia

Skin and mucous membrane drugs

Protective agent

Drugs that have a mechanical protective effect on nerve receptors in the skin and mucous membranes and alleviate harmful factors

adsorbent

Insoluble in water, stable in nature

Sprinkle powder: absorb moisture

Pulp medicine

Inactive, soluble in water, the aqueous solution is in a mushy state, and can alleviate physical or chemical irritation.

Glycerin propylene glycol starch gelatin arabic gum

lubricant

Grease and petrolatum synthetic polymers

Vegetable oils, animal fats, minerals, artificial synthetics

astringent

Precipitates proteins on the surface of damaged or inflamed tissue to form a protective film

Tannic acid, tannic acid protein, amelon

stimulants

Stimulates skin and mucous membrane receptors and sensory nerve endings

turpentine

Ichthyolipid

ammonia solution

Classification

Agonist: A drug that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce effects similar to those of a transmitter.

Antagonist: A drug that cannot activate the receptor after binding to the receptor, hinders the binding of the transmitter to the receptor, and produces an opposite effect to the transmitter.