MindMap Gallery Pediatrics-Premature Infant Mind Map
An article about the nine-edition pediatric mind map for premature infants, including the performance of each system, blood system, immune system, treatment measures and care,
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premature baby
Performance of each system
respiratory system
Features
The central nervous system is not fully developed and is insensitive to hypoxia and hypercapnia.
RBC lacks liver carbonate enzyme, and the amount of carbonic acid decomposed into carbon dioxide is reduced, which cannot effectively stimulate the respiratory center.
The number of alveoli is small, the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells are flat and cubic, the distance between capillaries and alveoli is large, and the gas exchange rate is low
Underdevelopment of respiratory muscles, weak cough reflex, shallow, fast and irregular breathing, prone to periodic breathing, apnea or cyanosis
other
apnea
The airflow stops for more than 20 seconds, accompanied by heart rate <100bpm or cyanosis, decreased oxygen saturation, and in severe cases, pale complexion and decreased muscle tone.
respiratory distress syndrome
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (chronic lung disease)
circulatory system
The heart rate is fast and the blood pressure is low. Some premature infants may have open ductus arteriosus.
digestive system
Poor sucking ability, weak swallowing reflex, small stomach capacity, often difficulty in breastfeeding or aspiration of milk leading to aspiration pneumonia
Less bile acid secretion and poor fat digestion and absorption
necrotizing enterocolitis
Less meconium formation, poor intestinal motility, and delayed meconium discharge
liver
Functions are more immature, physiological jaundice is more severe and lasts longer than that of full-term infants, and kernicterus is prone to occur.
The liver has poor protein synthesis ability and low glycogen reserves, and is prone to hypoalbuminemia, edema or hypoglycemia.
urinary system
Hyponatremia
Poor renal concentrating function, low tubular response to aldosterone, and poor sodium reabsorption function,
Diabetes
low glucose threshold
Low bicarbonate threshold and poor renal tubular acid excretion capacity
advanced metabolic acidosis
Pale complexion, slow reaction, and failure to gain weight
blood system
The blood volume is 85 to 110 mL/kg, and there are more nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood.
White blood cells and platelets are slightly lower than those of full-term infants
Eosinophilia increased at the end of the 3rd week and lasted for about 2 weeks
Low EPO levels, congenital low iron reserves, rapid increase in blood volume, and early onset of physiological anemia. The younger the gestational age, the longer the duration and the more severe the anemia.
nervous system
Maturity is related to gestational age. The younger the gestational age, the more difficult it is to elicit the original reflex or the reflex is incomplete.
immune system
The complement level and opsonin activity in the plasma are lower than those of full-term infants, the production and reserve of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are less, and the chemotactic activity and phagocytic function are lower than those of full-term infants.
T cell immune function is lower
other
body temperature
The body temperature regulation center function is more imperfect, with less brown fat and poor heat production. Hypothermia and even scleredema are more likely to occur when it is cold.
Sweat glands are poorly developed and body temperature easily rises when the ambient temperature is too high
Energy and fluid metabolism
Water loss after birth is 15%-20% of body weight
Preterm infants regain weight more slowly than full-term infants
Treatment measures
Insulation
Place in an incubator and choose a neutral ambient temperature according to individual needs. Unconditional persons should be wrapped in a preheated blanket.
feed
Breastfeed as early as possible. Those who do not breastfeed can temporarily use premature infant formula. The amount of breastfeeding varies from person to person.
respiratory management
When premature infants lie on their backs, soft pads can be placed under their shoulders to avoid bending the neck.
Inhale oxygen when hypoxemia occurs, avoid routine oxygen inhalation
Prevent infection
Baby room staff strictly abide by the disinfection and isolation system
vitamins
Intramuscular injection of vitamin K1 0.5~1mg once after birth, for 3 days in premature infants
Skin and mucous membrane management
Take a bath frequently
Keep the umbilical cord stump clean and dry
Oral mucosa should not be scrubbed
Clothes are wide, soft and don’t need buttons
Vaccination
BCG vaccination is postponed, and hepatitis B vaccine is vaccinated promptly
newborn screening
Screening for inborn errors of metabolism such as hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria