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MindMap Gallery Biology 6th Grade Volume 1
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Biology 6th Grade Volume 1
An article about the mind map of the knowledge points in the first volume of sixth-grade biology, with detailed introduction and comprehensive description. I hope it will be helpful to those who are interested!
Edited at 2023-11-26 13:00:53
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Biology 6th Grade Volume 1
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Knowledge points for the sixth grade biology textbook
Unit 1 Organisms and Biosphere
Chapter 1 Understanding Biology
characteristics of living things
Living things need nutrients to live
Living things can breathe
Biological energy removes waste products produced in the body
Organisms can respond to external stimuli
Living things can grow and reproduce
Organisms have the characteristics of inheritance and variation
Investigate creatures in your surroundings
Scientific method - methodological steps of investigation
1. Select the scope of investigation
2.Group
3. Design investigation route
4. Investigation records
5.Classification
6. Organize
Survey classification method
Classification according to morphological and structural characteristics
plant
animal
other creatures
Classification according to living environment
terrestrial organisms
Aquatic organisms
wait
Classified by use
crop
poultry
livestock
wait
Chapter 2 Understanding the Biosphere
All living things live in a certain environment. The sum of all living things on the earth and their environment is called the biosphere. All living things are the common home of all living things, including us humans.
environmental impact on organisms
The survival of living things depends on a certain environment, and changes in the environment have an impact on living things in one way or another.
Ecological factors: factors in the environment that affect the life and distribution of organisms
abiotic factors
Light
temperature
Water etc.
biological factors
other organisms that affect the life of an organism
Effects of abiotic factors on living things
Scientific Method-Inquiry
The general process of inquiry starts with discovering problems and asking questions.
After asking the question, try to make a hypothesis about the answer to the question based on your existing knowledge and life experience.
Design a research plan, conduct research according to the plan to obtain evidence, analyze whether the evidence obtained is consistent with the hypothesis, and draw conclusions
After drawing the conclusion, you need to reflect on the entire inquiry process. The more times the inquiry experiment is repeated, the greater the possibility of obtaining correct results.
process
Ask a question
make assumptions
making plans
Implementation Plan
get conclusion
express and communicate
Scientific Method-Controlled Experiments
When studying the effect of a condition on the research object, an experiment in which other conditions are the same except for this condition is called a controlled experiment.
Principles of controlled trials
single variable principle
Repeatability Principle
In addition to light, abiotic factors that affect biological life include temperature, moisture, etc. The life of all living things is affected by abiotic factors. Rapid changes in one or more factors in the environment will affect the life of living things and even lead to the death of living things.
The impact of biological factors on organisms
Every living thing in the biosphere is affected by many other living things around it
relationship between organisms
The most common relationship between organisms is predatory.
competitive relationship
Cooperation relationship, etc.
All living things, such as animals and plants, need the same basic conditions for survival. They all need nutrients, sunlight, air and moisture, as well as a certain temperature and a certain living space.
Adaptation and impact of organisms on the environment
Organisms are affected by many ecological factors. Organisms must adapt to the environment in order to survive. While adapting to the environment, they also affect and change the environment.
Every living creature now has a morphological structure and lifestyle that are suitable for its living environment. The adaptability of living things is universal.
Living things have an impact on the environment. The environment is constantly changing, and living things are constantly evolving and adapting to the environment.
Organisms and the environment are interdependent and influence each other, forming a unified whole.
Ecosystem composed of organisms and environment
Biology and the environment are a whole. Within a certain area, the unified whole formed by biology and the environment is called an ecosystem. Ecosystems range from large to small, including a forest, a farmland, a grassland, a lake, or even the entire ocean.
Ecosystem composition
producer
Plants are the producers of ecosystems
Green plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis under light and store energy from sunlight, which not only feeds the plants themselves, but also provides food for the survival of animals.
consumer
Animals cannot produce their own organic matter, they feed directly or indirectly on plants and are called consumers.
decomposer
Bacteria and fungi are known as decomposers in ecosystems
In addition to biological parts, abiotic factors such as sunlight, air, and moisture are also important components of the ecosystem. The abiotic part and the biological part interact with each other, and the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers is interdependent and mutually restrictive.
food chain and food web
In an ecosystem, the chain structure formed by the predatory relationship between various organisms is called a biological chain.
In an ecosystem, there are often many food chains, and they are interconnected to form a food web.
Material and energy in ecosystems flow along food chains and food webs.
Energy flow and material circulation in ecosystems
The life activities of living things require matter and energy. The energy that enters the ecosystem is the solar energy fixed by plants through photosynthesis, and this energy is stored in the plant in the form of organic matter.
Herbivores in the ecosystem take energy into their bodies by eating plants, and carnivores transfer energy into their bodies by preying on other animals.
Energy is gradually consumed by various organisms during the flow of the food chain, which is characterized by one-way flow and gradual decrease.
Materials can be recycled in some form over and over again in ecosystems. Materials include water, oxygen, and many others. Its characteristics are: repeated cycles.
Toxic substances emitted by humans are not easily decomposed and will accumulate through the food chain, harming many organisms in the ecosystem.
Energy flow and material circulation are realized through food chains and food webs, which connect various components of the ecosystem into a unified whole.
The ecosystem has certain automatic adjustment capabilities
The various components of the ecosystem are not static. The number and proportion of various organisms are relatively stable, forming a dynamic balance, which shows that the ecosystem has certain regulatory capabilities.
Generally speaking, the more types and quantities of organisms in an ecosystem, the stronger the automatic adjustment ability; conversely, the weaker the automatic adjustment ability.
The regulating ability of the ecosystem has a certain limit. Within the limit, it can resist external interference, constantly adjust itself, and reach a new balance; if the interference exceeds this limit, the ecosystem will be destroyed.
Human activities are the largest factor affecting ecosystems.
diverse ecosystems
natural ecosystem
Refers to various ecosystems formed by organisms in the natural environment
Classification
terrestrial ecosystem
forest ecosystem
Known as the "green reservoir"/the lungs of the earth
grassland ecosystem
Plays an important role in soil and water conservation, wind protection and sand fixation
desert ecosystem, etc.
It is an ecosystem formed under cold, arid, and barren conditions such as deserts, Gobis, two-level permafrost zones, and alpine tundra.
aquatic ecosystem
freshwater ecosystem
Consists of freshwater bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or ponds and the organisms in them.
Plays an important role in climate regulation
Marine ecosystem, etc.
Marine plants account for 70% of the world's annual oxygen production.
Wetland ecosystems in between
It is an ecosystem formed under excessively watery or humid conditions.
It has the functions of purifying water sources, storing floods and fighting droughts, and is known as the "Kidney of the Earth".
artificial ecosystem
It refers to an ecosystem formed in an artificially cultivated or constructed environment.
Classification
farmland ecosystem
Crops are the mainstay, and there are fewer types of animals and plants.
Compared with wild plants, crops are less able to withstand drought, floods, diseases and insect pests
garden ecosystem
Mainly ornamental plants, with many types. It plays an important role in urban ecological balance.
In addition to beautifying the environment, it also has the functions of shading and cooling, purifying the air, reducing noise, and increasing air humidity.
urban ecosystem
Human beings play an important dominant role.
The types and quantities of plants are small, and the consumers are mainly humans.
The biosphere is the largest ecosystem
Various ecosystems continuously communicate and influence each other to form an organic whole, forming a more complex ecosystem on a larger scale, called the biosphere
The scope of the biosphere
The place on the earth suitable for biological survival is the thin layer on the earth's surface. This thin layer is called the biosphere.
The biosphere reaches a height of about 10 kilometers upwards and a depth of 10 kilometers downwards.
bottom of atmosphere
Air is composed of various gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
Most of the hydrosphere
Including all oceans, rivers and lakes
Most organisms live in the water layer within 150 meters below the surface of the water
surface of lithosphere
Most of the surface is covered with soil, which is the foothold of all terrestrial organisms.
The biosphere is a unified whole
In the biosphere, ecosystems at different levels are interconnected.
From a geographical perspective, various ecosystems are interrelated.
From the perspective of organisms in ecosystems, organisms will arrive in different ecosystems.
In terms of abiotic factors, sunlight, atmosphere, and water affect all ecosystems on the earth.
The ecosystem is open and dynamically changing, and the biosphere is a unified whole. It is the largest ecosystem on the earth and the common home for all living things.
Unit 2 Structural Hierarchy of Organisms
Chapter 1 Observing the Structure of Cells
Microscope use
When the light is strong, use a small aperture flat mirror; when the light is weak, use a large aperture concave mirror.
The object seen through the eyepiece is an inverted image.
The product of the magnification of a microscope's eyepieces and objective lenses is the magnification of that microscope.
The material being observed must be thin and transparent.
Observe plant cells
slide specimen
Slice: Thin slices made from biological material.
Smear: Made by applying liquid biological material.
Mount: Made from small amounts of material torn or picked from an organism.
cell structure
Cell Wall: The outermost layer of plant cells is a thin wall. Plays a role in protecting and supporting cells.
Cell membrane: A very thin membrane attached to the inside of the cell wall.
Nucleus: Plant cells have an approximately spherical shape.
Cytoplasm: The structure within the cell membrane and outside the nucleus. There are vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and various substances are dissolved in the cell fluid inside the vacuoles.
Chloroplasts: In the cells in the green part of the plant body, there are also chloroplasts in the cytoplasm.
Observe animal cells
Cells in the human or animal body are not exactly the same shape.
cell structure
cell membrane
cytoplasm
cell nucleus
Chapter 2 Cells are the basic unit of life activities of organisms
cell life
Cells are undergoing various life activities every moment of their lives. Some grow, some grow old, some die, and new cells are generated.
The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances
Classification of substances within cells
Inorganic substances: such as water, inorganic salts
Organic matter: such as sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Cells need to exchange materials with the outside world, absorb materials from the outside world, replenish materials consumed by life activities in the cells, and expel the waste produced outside the cells.
The boundary of the cell is the cell membrane, which gives the cell a relatively stable internal environment. The cell membrane has a structure suitable for transporting substances and can control the entry and exit of substances. The exchange of substances between the cell and the outside world is completed through the cell membrane.
There are energy converters in the cytoplasm
Plant leaf cells contain chloroplasts, which convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in the organic matter they produce.
The cytoplasm of animal and plant cells contains mitochondria, which combine some organic matter in the cell with oxygen and convert it into carbon dioxide and water through complex processes. At the same time, the chemical energy in the organic matter is released for use by the cells.
Most of the life activities of cells are completed in the cytoplasm. The chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cytoplasm are the energy converters in the cell.
The nucleus is the control center
The nucleus controls the development and inheritance of organisms.
Changes in matter and energy occur within cells at all times, and these are all carried out under the command and control of the cell nucleus.
There is genetic material in the cell nucleus, which contains all the information that guides biological development. It contains a series of instructions that guide biological development and inheritance, and control changes in matter and energy in cells. It is also the blueprint for organisms to build their own life buildings.
single cell organism
Organisms whose bodies are composed of one cell are called unicellular organisms. Most of them live in waters or humid environments, and some are parasitic on other organisms.
Made up of only one cell. A cell is a complete living body that can independently carry out all life activities.
relationship with humans
Advantages
Many single-celled organisms are natural food for fish
Provides high protein
Monitor water pollution status
Sewage purification
harmful aspects
Parasites such as Entamoeba dysenteriae are harmful to human health.
Excessive reproduction in water bodies can cause disasters, such as eutrophication of water bodies.
Red tide: A large number of dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae, and Euglena multiply, causing the seawater to change color.
Algae bloom: A phenomenon in which certain algae and cyanobacteria multiply in fresh water, causing the water to appear blue or green.
Chapter 3 How Cells Make Organisms
cell division
The growth of organisms from small to large is inseparable from the growth, division and differentiation of cells.
Cell growth: Newly produced cells are very small in size. By continuously absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment, they become their own constituent substances. The size increases from small to large. This is the growth of cells. Cells cannot grow indefinitely. After some cells grow to a certain size, they will divide.
Cell division: Some cells have the ability to divide. When they grow to a certain level, they will divide into two cells, and then two cells will divide into four cells, and so on.
First, when a cell divides, the nucleus first divides into two.
Subsequently, the cytoplasm divides into two parts, each containing a nucleus.
Finally, a new cell membrane forms in the center of the original cell, and plant cells also form new cell walls.
During cell division, the genetic material in the cell nucleus is first replicated and then evenly distributed between the two new cells, so that the genetic material in the new cell is consistent with that of the parent cell.
Cell division is of great significance to the ontogeny of organisms and racial reproduction.
Structural levels of animal bodies
The development of animals and humans begins with one cell, which is the fertilized egg.
Cells differentiate to form different tissues
During the ontogeny process, the offspring produced by one or a kind of cell division undergo differential changes in morphology, structure and physiological function. This process is called cell differentiation.
Animal fertilized eggs undergo cell division and differentiation to form tissues.
Cell differentiation produces different cell groups. Each cell group is formed by combining cells with similar shapes, structures and functions. Such cell groups are called tissues.
The human body is mainly composed of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
Tissues further form organs
Organs are composed of different tissues that are combined in a certain order and perform certain functions.
Organ systems and the human body
Multiple organs that can jointly complete one or several physiological functions are combined in a certain order to form a system.
human body system
digestive system
exercise system
respiratory system
circulatory system
urinary system
nervous system
Endocrine System
reproductive system
Structural levels of plants
Plants are similar to animals in that their growth and development also begins with a fertilized egg.
Green flowering plants are composed of six major organs: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
main tissues of plants
In mature plants, there are always some undifferentiated cells that maintain the ability to divide throughout their lives. The tissue composed of such a group of cells is called a meristem.
The cells of the meristem are small, with thin cell walls, large nuclei, and dense cytoplasm. They have a strong ability to divide and can continuously divide to produce new cells, which can then continue to grow and differentiate to form other tissues.
Meristems are not only found at the stem tip, but also at root tips and other parts. Meristems form protective tissues, nutritional tissues, conductive tissues, mechanical tissues, etc. through cell differentiation.