MindMap Gallery Material output and input of cells
This is a mind map about the material output and input of cells, including passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis, coordinated transport, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-26 09:55:47This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Material output and input of cells
Passive transport
semipermeable membrane
Water molecules are allowed to pass through, but large molecules such as sucrose, starch, and protein are not allowed to pass through.
Including cellophane, casings, egg shell membranes, bladder membranes
The principle of water moving in and out of cells - osmosis
Refers to the expansion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane
condition
semipermeable membrane
There is a concentration difference between the solutions at both ends of the semipermeable membrane
How water enters animal cells
Osmosis
condition
The cell membrane is equivalent to a semipermeable membrane
The difference between the concentration of the external solution and the concentration of the cytoplasm
Phenomenon
The concentration of the external solution is lower than the concentration of the cytoplasm
Water absorbent spread
The concentration of the external solution is higher than the concentration of the cytoplasm
Shrinkage due to water loss
The concentration of the external solution is equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm
No change in form
protoplasm layer
Including the cell membrane tonoplast and the cytoplasm in between
effect
Penetrate cells
Features
Fully transparent with minimal stretchability
plasmolysis
When the concentration of the external solution is greater than the concentration of the cell solution, plasmolysis will occur
Refers to the separation of protoplasm layer and cell wall
reason
The concentration of the external solution is greater than the concentration of the cell solution
The plasma layer is more stretchable than the cell wall
Free diffusion and assisted diffusion
free diffusion
Pass through the bilayer
Example
gas
small molecule fat-soluble substances
A small amount of water
Impact rate
temperature, substance concentration
aiding proliferation
Example
certain ions small organic compounds water
transporter protein
carrier protein
Each transport changes its conformation
certain ions, glucose
channel protein
most water
Potassium and sodium ions move in and out of cells
Influencing factors
concentration
Number of transport protein types
Same point
Substances are transported across membranes along concentration gradients
Does not consume energy
difference
Free diffusion does not require transport proteins
Assisted diffusion requires transport proteins
active transport
active transport
Transport of substances across membranes against concentration gradients Requires assistance from carrier proteins At the same time, it also needs to consume the energy released by chemical reactions in the cells. This method is called active transport
example
Thyroid follicular epithelial cells absorb iodine from the blood
Small intestinal epithelial cells absorb amino acids, glucose from intestinal fluid
Red blood cells absorb potassium ions from the blood
Chara absorbs potassium ions from the external environment
process
Ions or molecules bind to carrier proteins and are driven by energy Carrier proteins and structural changes Release transported molecular ions from one side of the cell membrane to the other Carrier protein returns to its original state specific
Features
specificity
A carrier protein is only suitable for binding to one type of molecule or type of molecule
Binds to transported ions
saturable
Spatial structure changes during transport
reusable
connect with society
Cystic fibrosis patient lungs Abnormal function of transport proteins on the surface of bronchial epithelial cells Increased mucus and bacterial infection
endocytosis
endocytosis
concept
Macromolecules bind to membrane proteins This causes the cell membrane to invaginate and form small vesicles surrounded by macromolecules The vesicle is detached from beneath the cell membrane Form vesicles and enter the cell interior This phenomenon is called endocytosis
Example
Amoeba devours organic matter particles
Endomoebae of dysentery engulf human cells, causing Aba dysentery
White blood cells engulf bacteria and viruses
exocytosis
concept
When macromolecular substances are emitted Form vesicles and fuse with the cell membrane Excreted from the body
Example
secreted protein
Various digestive enzymes, protein hormones, antibodies
Amoeba shoots out food scraps and waste
Notice
There are some small molecular substances
Nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters and also exocytose them
What endocytosis and exocytosis have in common
both require vesicle transport
All require the consumption of energy produced by cellular chemical reactions
All related to membrane proteins
All reflect membrane fluidity
Powered by ATP
Both transport across membranes, but across zero membrane
co-transportation
Providing energy indirectly
Derived from the electrochemical gradient of ions on both sides of the cell membrane
There is a sodium-potassium pump on the animal cell membrane
Carrier protein catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP, causing the sodium ion concentration in the cell to be higher than that in the membrane
Potassium accumulation and sodium excretion
Plant cells, fungi, and bacteria have proton pumps in their cell membranes
Carrier protein, catalyzes ATP hydrolysis