mental process

personality differences

People are social and form various relationships with others

Idealistic psychological outlook - independent existence without dependence on matter

Materialistic view of psychology - existence dependent on matter

Psychology is the function of the brain

Reflection is the basic way of psychological production

Psychology is a reaction to objective reality

The historical background of the development of modern psychology

The birth of psychology

Main schools of modern psychology

Research on physiological psychology

behavioral psychology research

psychoanalytic research

Cognitive Psychology Research

Research in humanistic psychology

The founding of modern psychology in China began in 1917

principle of objectivity

developmental principle

systematic principle

Humanistic Care Principles

Observation

Experimental Method

Survey

case approach

work analysis

basic structure of neurons

Functional divisions of neurons

Types of neurons

Structure and function of nerve fibers

Classification of nerve fibers

Axoplasmic transport of nerve fibers

Glial cell structure and morphology

Types of glial cells

Electrophysiological properties of glial cells

Main functions of glial cells

resting potential

Action potential

Synapses and information transmission

Local circuit neurons and local neuronal circuits

reflex arc

Central Nervous System

peripheral nervous system

cranial nerve

spinal nerve

autonomic nerve

spinal cord

brain

primary sensory area

Junior sports area

speech area

Union District

Discovery of functional differences between the two hemispheres of the brain

Functional differences between the two hemispheres of the brain

positioning theory

Overall

functional system theory

Module says

It is a type of ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into peripheral blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. It plays a very complex and important regulatory role in the growth and development, functional activities, and metabolism of various organs in the body.

Endocrine glands include pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, gonads, etc.

The pituitary gland hangs from the bottom of the brain and is divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The premise is glandular tissue and the thick layer is nervous tissue.

The thyroid gland is composed of many acini, secretes thyroid hormones, and regulates basic physiological processes of metabolism, growth, and development.

The adrenal glands are located at the upper end of the kidneys, one on each side. It is divided into two layers: the outer layer is the cortex, and the inner layer is called the medulla. The outer layer secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones, collectively called adrenocortical hormones.

The gonads are testicles in males and ovaries in females. The testicles secrete male hormones and the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone

Body fluid regulation means that certain cells in the body produce certain special chemicals, which are transported by blood circulation to reach various organs and tissues in the body or a certain organ and tissue, thereby causing certain special reactions in this organ and tissue.

The nervous system affects the activity of effector organs through various hormones of the endocrine glands, becoming neuro-humoral regulation, with direct and indirect regulation.

Attention is a mental activity or the pointing and concentration of consciousness on a certain object.

Two characteristics: directivity and concentration.

Attention itself is not an independent psychological process, but a common characteristic of various psychological processes. Attentional activities are not performed alone, but are performed in conjunction with other mental activities.

Selection function: Selecting information so that mental activities have a variety of stimuli that are meaningful, in line with needs, and consistent with current activity tasks.

Maintenance function: Certain information is selected for attention, and mental activities process it to complete the corresponding task.

Regulatory and supervisory functions: Make people's psychological activities proceed in a certain direction and goal, and improve the level of consciousness, so that psychological activities can appropriately allocate attention and timely transfer according to needs, and correct mistakes when necessary.

Adaptive movement: Attention occurs when the relevant sense organs are directed toward a stimulus

Irrelevant movement stops: When concentration is high, irrelevant movement will temporarily stop

Breathing changes: Breathing will become slight and slow, and exhalation will become shorter and inhalation will become longer.

The difference between attention and consciousness: Attention is a kind of psychological activity or "mental action", while consciousness is mainly a kind of psychological content or experience; attention is more active and easy to control, while consciousness is sometimes unconscious.

The connection between attention and consciousness: When people are in a state of conscious attention, the content directed by their attention is generally at the center of conscious activities, and the content of consciousness is relatively clear.

Orientation reflection: a complex and special reflection caused by the novelty of the situation. It is the most basic physiological mechanism.

Brainstem reticular formation: refers to a diffuse neural network from the upper end of the spinal cord to the thalamus. Attention must be carried out when the organism is in an awakened state, and the activation of the network puts the brain in an awakened state. Without the pervasive activation of brain activity caused by the reticular formation, attention would not be possible

Limbic system: Some structures closely related to attention. The hippocampus is considered an important part of the filter, and disruption of these parts can cause serious impairments in selective attention.

Cerebral cortex: The highest part that generates attention is the cerebral cortex; attention is also closely related to the parietal lobe of the brain. Patients with parietal lobe damage will have hemilateral neglect.

unintentionally paying attention

pay attention intentionally

Pay attention after intending to

According to the function of attention, attention can be divided into selective attention, concentrated attention and distributed attention.

selective attention

focused attention

distributed attention

Endogenous attention allocates attention based on the observer's behavioral goals or intentions.

Exogenous attention is the orientation of attention caused by information outside the observer's field of vision.

According to the objects directed by attention, attention can be divided into external attention and internal attention.

External attention refers to people's attention to surrounding things, which is often performed simultaneously with perception. It is also called perceptual attention and plays an important role in exploring the external world.

Internal attention is attention to one's own psychological activities. People can gain insight into their own inner state and ensure the progress of various psychological activities.

Also known as the scope of attention, the number of objects of attention that can be clearly grasped at the same time is the spatial characteristic of the quality of attention.

Factors affecting attention span: characteristics of the attention object, nature and tasks of the activity, individual knowledge and experience

It is called the persistence of attention, which refers to the length of time that attention is maintained on the same object or activity.

Attention stability in a narrow sense refers to the time that attention is maintained on the same object.

In the broad sense, attention stability refers to the time that attention remains on the same activity. In the broad sense, the specific object of attention can continue to change, and the general direction of attention-directed activities remains unchanged.

Note that there are age differences and individual differences in stability

Factors affecting the stability of attention: characteristics of the object of attention, mental state of the subject, and willpower of the subject

Direct attention to different objects and activities at the same time

Note that the assignment is conditional

Actively shift attention from one object to another according to activity tasks and requirements

The specialty of attention is to purposefully and proactively change the object of attention

Factors affecting transfer: degree of concentration of attention on the original activity, attraction of the new object of attention, clear signal prompts, individual neural type and self-control ability

Filter model theory has also become the focus of early selection models and single-channel models.

Decay model theory, also known as mid-term selection model

Late selection model theory is also known as complete processing theory, response selection theory, and memory selection theory.

multi-stage choice theory

limited resources theory

dual process theory

Feeling is the individual reflection of objective matters that the human brain directly acts on the sensory organs.

Feeling is the response of the nervous system to external stimuli. Like all psychological phenomena, it has a reflex nature.

Susceptibility, the ability to feel appropriate stimuli, is divided into absolute susceptibility and differential susceptibility

Sensory threshold refers to the range of stimulation that causes sensation, which is divided into absolute sensory threshold and differential sensory threshold.

Fechner's law of logarithms: The intensity of psychological sensations is proportional to the logarithm of physical stimulus intensity. Stimulus intensity increases in a geometric progression, while sensory intensity only increases in an arithmetic progression. Applicable only to the medium-intensity stimulus range, the assumed minimum perceptible difference is subjectively quite refuted by the facts

Stevens's multiplication law: The relationship between stimulus intensity and sensory size is studied using quantity estimation method. It is believed that the psychological quantity does not increase with the logarithm of the stimulus quantity, but changes with the power function of the stimulus quantity, that is, the perceived size is proportional to the power of the stimulus quantity.

Stimulation process: The first step in sensory information processing is the stimulation process of receptors. The active exploration activity of sensory organs is one of the necessary conditions for sensory information processing.

Afferent nerve activity: the second link in sensory information processing, which transmits nerve impulses to the center. The transmission process of nerve impulses is also the encoding process of sensory information processing.

Activity in the cerebral cortex: the final step in the processing of sensory information, resulting in feelings

Feeling is the primary stage of human cognitive activities and the beginning of human understanding of the objective world.

Feeling is the basis of all higher and more complex psychological phenomena and the basis of all human psychological activities.

Senses provide information about the internal and external environment

Feeling ensures the information balance between the body and the environment

visual stimulation

physiological mechanism of vision

visual phenomenon

auditory stimulation

Physiological mechanism of hearing

auditory phenomena

auditory theory

tactile pressure

temperature sense

pain

sense of smell

Taste

kinesthetic

sense of balance

visceral sense

Feeling adapted

Feeling contrast

The interaction of different senses

Compensation of different feelings

synesthesia

Perception is the overall understanding of things produced in the mind by the direct effect of objective things on the senses.

The difference between feeling and perception

The connection between perception and feeling

Stimulus-driven processing (top-down processing, data-driven processing)

Concept-driven processing (top-down processing)

While detecting features, the human nervous system is also integrating stimuli at different levels and completing the process of perception.

The concept of spatial perception

manifestations of spatial perception

concept

forms of time perception

frame of reference for time perception

Factors affecting time perception

concept

Types of motion perception

concept

Types of Illusions

illusion theory

concept

The relationship between the perceptual object and the background

concept

Organizing Principles of Holistic Perception

The relationship between global perception and partial perception

concept

Main factors affecting perceptual comprehensibility

concept

Types of perceptual constancy

Memory is the psychological process by which an individual remembers, retains, recalls or recognizes his or her experiences.

Recognition, retention and reproduction are the three basic processes of memory

Memory is one of the forms of preserving individual experience

Memory is closely related to other psychological activities, and learning activities are inseparable from memory.

Memory also plays an important role in individual development. For people to develop motor skills, language and thinking, memory is the prerequisite.

Brain structure mechanism of memory

Brain cell mechanism of memory

The biochemical mechanism of memory

Implicit memory refers to the unconscious influence that an individual's experience automatically has on the current task without conscious awareness. sometimes called automatic unconscious memory

Explicit memory refers to the conscious impact of past experience on current tasks under the control of consciousness. The behavior is something that the individual can be aware of. It is also called memory controlled by consciousness.

Different: the depth of processing has different effects on implicit memory and explicit memory; the retention time is different, and implicit memory fades much slower with time than explicit memory; changes in memory load have different effects on implicit memory and explicit memory. The impact on memory is different; changes in presentation methods have different impacts on implicit memory and explicit memory; interfering factors have different impacts on explicit memory and implicit memory (implicit memory is less susceptible to interference)

Episodic memory is people’s memory of an event based on time and space relationships. Limited by events and space, information storage is susceptible to interference and is not stable and certain enough.

Semantic memory is people's memory of general knowledge and rules. It is restricted by general rules, knowledge, concepts and words, and is rarely disturbed by external factors, so it is relatively stable.

Declarative memory refers to the memory of relevant facts and events, which has the characteristics of being transmissible.

Procedural memory is the memory of sequential activities. It is learned according to a certain procedure. It is difficult at first and difficult to forget after mastering it.

Image memory is a memory whose content is the image of something that has been perceived. This kind of memory that maintains the specific image of things has a distinct intuition and is stored in the form of representation.

Sensory memory is a momentary image maintained after sensory stimulation stops. It is also called instant memory and sensory registration. It is the first stage of human memory information processing.

Coding of sensory memory: image coding, audio-visual coding

The storage characteristics of sensory memory: the amount of information stored in sensory memory is large; the information stored in sensory memory is stored for a short time

Conversion of sensory memory: Information that has not received attention is not converted into short-term memory and disappears quickly; only information that attracts individual attention and is recognized in time can enter short-term memory.

Short-term memory refers to memory in which information is generally stored in the mind for no more than one minute. It is the intermediate link from sensory memory to long-term memory. Short-term memory generally includes direct memory and working memory

Encoding of short-term memory: visual encoding, auditory encoding

The storage characteristics of short-term memory: the retention time of information in short-term memory is short, and the capacity of short-term memory is limited.

Forgetting of short-term memory: Information in short-term memory will be quickly forgotten if it is not repeated.

Information retrieval from short-term memory: performed in a complete series of scans (Sternberg experiment)

Conversion of short-term memory: After the content of short-term memory is repeated, it enters long-term memory. One type of retelling is mechanical retelling or maintenance retelling, and the other is detailed retelling. Research shows that sophisticated retelling is more effective than mechanical retelling.

The concept of long-term memory

Encoding in long-term memory

long term memory storage

Information retrieval from long-term memory

Forgetting in long-term memory

Thinking is the human brain’s indirect and general response to the essential attributes and internal regularities of objective things.

It has two characteristics: indirectness and generality, which are interconnected and influence each other.

The relationship between thinking and perception: Thinking is the reflection of the common essential attributes of objective things, the internal regularities of things and their inevitable connections; thinking is rational understanding and the deepening and leap of perception.

Action thinking, image thinking and abstract thinking

Convergent thinking and divergent thinking

Empirical thinking and theoretical thinking

Intuitive thinking and analytical thinking

Conventional thinking and creative thinking

forward thinking and reverse thinking

vertical thinking and lateral thinking

Analysis and synthesis are the basic links in the thinking process. All thinking activities, from simple to complex, from concept formation to creative thinking, are inseparable from the analysis and synthesis of the mind.

Analysis is the mental process of breaking down a whole thing into its parts, aspects, or individual characteristics.

Synthesis is a thinking process that combines various parts, aspects, and characteristics of things in the mind to consider them.

Comparison is the thinking process of comparing various things or phenomena in the mind and determining the similarities and differences between them.

Classification is the thinking process of dividing things or phenomena into different types in the mind based on their commonalities and differences.

Abstraction is the thinking process of extracting the common and essential characteristics of similar things or phenomena in the mind and discarding the individual and non-essential characteristics.

Generalization is a thinking process that combines the common and essential characteristics of abstract things in the mind and extends them to similar things to make them universal.

Concretization refers to the thinking process of connecting abstract and summarized general concepts and theories with specific things in the mind, that is, the process of using general principles to solve practical problems and using theory to guide practical activities.

Systematization refers to the process of classifying the learned knowledge into a hierarchical overall system in the mind according to certain procedures.

Problem solving refers to the process of solving a problem caused by a certain situation, according to a certain goal, applying a certain strategy, and through a series of human operations. It has three basic characteristics: purpose, operation sequence, and cognitive operation.

Type of question

General problem solving model

problem solving cycle

Algorithmic: It is a strategy to solve problems according to logic.

Heuristic: A method that uses less search in the problem space to solve the problem based on past experience in solving problems; there are means-goal analysis method and reverse reasoning method.

Knowledge experience, problem solving strategies

Problem representation method: It is the way to record, understand and express information about the problem in the mind.

Set-up: a state of readiness for an activity caused by repetition of previous mental operations

Functional fixation: The tendency of people to assign a certain function to something is called functional fixation

Motivation and emotion: Moderate motivation and emotional intensity are most conducive to problem solving

Personality characteristics: People's personality characteristics have a direct impact on problem solving

interpersonal relationships

Creative thinking refers to the thinking process of solving problems in novel and unique ways. It is an advanced process of human thinking and a symbol of the development level of human consciousness.

originality or novelty

flexibility

Artistry and non-simulation

object potential

risk

Creative thinking can continuously increase the total amount of human knowledge and continuously advance the level of human understanding of the world.

Creative thinking can continuously improve human cognitive abilities

Creative thinking can open up new horizons for practice

Creative thinking will be the main activity method and content of human beings in the future

Brainstorming method: basic principles (delay judgment, quantity breeds quality), meeting rules (forbid criticism, speak freely, pursue comprehensive improvement, do not allow private conversations and speaking on behalf of others), improvement forms (brainstorming cycle, reverse brainstorming, imagination Construction Law, Loophole Finding Law)

Hope point enumeration method: Conduct a survey of the target consumer groups or collect their expectations for the product through brainstorming meetings, conduct a list analysis of the survey results, find the functions and features where the hope points are concentrated, and try as much as possible in the development of new products Satisfy these expectations of consumers.

Disadvantage enumeration method: Investigate the exact shortcomings of similar products, conduct list analysis, and explore possibilities and methods for improvement.

Biomimetic method: a method based on bionics to capture thinking inspiration from the biological world

Osborne's Check Questioning Method: A creative method that lists many relevant questions in product design, and then answers and analyzes these questions to obtain creative ideas.

Preparation Phase

gestation stage

enlightenment stage

Verification phase

Measurement of creative thinking

Cultivation of creative thinking

Language is a social phenomenon. It is a symbol system formed by humans through highly structured sound combinations, or written symbols, gestures, etc. It is also an act of using this symbol system to communicate ideas.

Communicability is the most salient feature

Natural language has two necessary characteristics: regularity and creativity.

Characterized by arbitrariness, discontinuity and dynamics

phoneme

morpheme

word

syntax

Sentence is a very important unit of language generation

Franconian seven-stage model

Anderson's three-stage model: construction phase, transformation phase, execution phase

Der's activation diffusion model, four stages or levels

The three stages proposed by Lewe: conceptualization stage, formulation stage (syntax stage, second stage to determine the phonetics of vocabulary)

Coo: made up of vowels

babbling: composed of consonants and vowels

Single-word expressions: These expressions are limited by the vowels and consonants they use

Two-letter expressions and telegraphic speech: Two-letter and three-letter words, 1 to 2 1/2 years old

Basic adult sentence structure: demonstrated around age 4

imitate

demonstration

conditioning

The first aspect of the complexity of speech perception lies in language decomposition, and the second aspect lies in invariance

The reading process, starting from the moment when the eyes annotate the text material, to interpreting the meaning of the material, and then to another scan, occurs in a very short time. Eyes move in a hopping motion

The Eye Movement-Mind Hypothesis founded by Zast and Carpenter

McClelland and Rummelhardt proposed the reciprocal activation model

Extract the meaning of words and understand the syntactic structure

The process of making inferences, that is, filling in gaps in spoken and written language.

Harry proposed three types of inference: logical inference, connection inference, and refined inference.

Havilland and Clark describe a strategy of becoming known-newly known, stating that the listener or reader processes a sentence by dividing it into known parts and new-known parts.

The understanding of a paragraph is affected by many factors: 1. The importance of different information in the paragraph; 2. The context provided by the context is also a factor that affects the understanding of the paragraph; 3. The more knowledge a reader has, the better his understanding of the text will be. The better; 4. Text understanding is also affected by environmental information and instructions.

A representation is an image in the mind of something that has been perceived

Imagery is different from sensory afterimages and sensory perceptions. It is the image of things that appears in the mind through indirect means when the things are no longer in front of them. It lasts for a long time and plays an important role in people's cognitive activities. It is indirect and figurative

Perceptual representation, memory representation and imaginative representation

Single representation and composite representation

general appearance and individual appearance

Relict phenomenon

intuitiveness

generalization

Operability

Roland and Friberg measured and found that when subjects completed visual tasks, the blood flow in the back area was the most obvious. This area includes the occipital lobe and temporal lobe, both of which are very important for advanced visual processing and memory, suggesting the brain areas involved in representation. In addition to the visual area, there is also a memory processing area

Goldenberg and Koslin used PET research to show that representational tasks activate more brain areas than perceptual tasks, and the processing of representational tasks requires more energy than perceptual tasks.

Representation is a form of people's accumulation of perceptual experience

Representation is the premise and basis of thinking and imagining activities

Imagination is the process of thinking and processing existing images in the mind to form new images. It is an advanced cognitive activity (a special form of thinking).

Cerebral Cortex and Imagination

Hypothalamic-limbic system and imagination

Imagination and collective activities

Gluing: Combining different features or parts of two or more things that have not been combined in reality to create a new image of the thing in the mind

Typification: concentrating the most typical and representative characteristics of something on the image of something

Personification: The process of adding human characteristics and characteristics to external things to make them personified is called personification.

Exaggeration and emphasis: Exaggeration is to change the normal characteristics of objective things and exaggerate or reduce certain characteristics. Emphasis is to highlight and highlight a certain property of an objective thing or its relationship with other things.

Anticipatory function

Supplementary functions

compensatory function

Unintentional imagination: imagination carried out unconsciously without specific purpose and without any effort of will.

Intentional imagination: refers to imagination that has a predetermined purpose and requires a certain amount of will effort.

Imagination and technological invention

Imagination and scientific creation

Imagination and literary creation

The difference in visual clarity

Imagine the difference in creativity levels

The concept of dream: It is an extreme form of unintentional imagination. It is a kind of aimless and involuntary strange imagination that people have while sleeping.

Characteristics of dreams: bizarreness and verisimilitude

Sleep and Dreams: Sleep is a stage and phase of sleep.

dream function

Emotion is when someone is in a state of change, from one state to another, such as happiness to sadness. Chinese psychologists believe that emotion is a kind of inner feeling and attitude of human beings towards various cognitive objects. Most researchers examine and define it from three aspects: subjective experience, physiological arousal and external behavior.

Emotions and emotions are related to people's specific subjective wishes or needs, and were historically collectively referred to as emotions. Emotion is usually used to describe stable feelings with profound social significance. As an experience and feeling, emotion has greater social stability, profundity and durability.

The dimension of emotion refers to certain characteristics inherent in emotion, mainly referring to the dynamics, excitement, intensity and tension of emotion.

Dimensional theory of emotion: Wundt’s three-dimensional theory (pleasant-unpleasant, exciting-calm, tense-relaxed), Schloberg’s three-dimensional model (pleasant-unpleasant, attention-denial and activation level), Plachek’s three-dimensional ( Strength, similarity, polarity, and using an inverted cone to illustrate the relationship between the three dimensions)

Brain central mechanism of emotion

Peripheral mechanisms of emotion

facial expression changes

Posture and expression

verbal expressions

Adaptive function: Emotions and emotions are an important way for organisms to adapt to survival and development

Motivation function: Emotions are one of the sources of motivation and a basic part of the motivation system.

Organizational function: The organizational function of emotions and emotions. On the one hand, it is manifested in the regulating effect of positive emotions and the destructive and disintegrating effect of negative emotions. On the other hand, it is manifested in human behavior.

Signaling function: Emotions and emotions have the function of transmitting information and communicating ideas among people. This function is realized through the external expression of emotions, that is, expressions.

Emotional maturity is a socialization process. In the process of growth, individuals enable themselves to regulate and control their emotions in accordance with the requirements of society, and can make reasonable evaluations of their own activities, so as to express themselves proactively. Emotions, reaching this level is a sign of emotional maturity

Emotional regulation refers to the process by which individuals manage and change their own or other people's emotions.

Emotional regulation

Frustration refers to the obstacles that interfere with goal activities in the process of achieving social goals and personal ambitions.

causes of frustration

After a setback, the self-psychological protection mechanism becomes a psychological defense mechanism, which mainly has three forms: positive, negative and compromised.

The classification of emotions in ancient times includes the theory of six emotions and the theory of seven emotions. Xunzi divides six emotions, and the Book of Rites divides them into seven emotions.

Lin Chuanding summarized ancient times and divided emotions into 18 categories; Huang Xiting classified emotions into 5 categories based on time sequence and stimulus attributes.

Teplov and Smirnov divided emotions into mood, passion and enthusiasm, and emotions into moral sense, rational sense and aesthetic sense.

Izzard divides emotions into basic emotions and compound emotions. Basic emotions are innately cultivated and can be learned without learning. They have independent external expressions, internal experiences, physiological and neurological mechanisms and different adaptive functions.

Schaeffer proposed that there are six basic categories of emotions, three of which are positive emotions (love, joy, and surprise), and the other three are negative emotions (anger, sadness, and fear).

Krejci divided emotions into primitive emotions, emotions related to sensory stimulation, emotions related to self-evaluation, and emotions related to others.

basic emotions

compound emotions

Moral sense: the emotional experience of evaluating people’s thoughts, intentions, words and deeds according to certain moral standards

Sense of reason: It is the emotional experience that occurs when people evaluate the achievements of cognitive activities in intellectual activities.

Beauty: It is the emotional experience that people have when they evaluate natural or social phenomena and their artistic expression according to their own aesthetic standards.

Darwin's Principle of Emotions

James-Lange theory

Cannon-Bard Doctrine

habit theory

classical conditioning theory

operant conditioning theory

observational learning theory

Assessment-Excited to say

Schachter and Singer's Theory of Emotions

motivation-differentiation theory of emotion

Will refers to the psychological process in which a person consciously determines his purpose, controls and regulates his actions according to the purpose, and overcomes various difficulties to achieve his purpose.

Willed action is possessed by human beings and is the most prominent manifestation of human subjective initiative.

Purpose and planning of human will actions

Initiative and creativity of human will action

The progress of human will action

Willed actions must conform to objective laws

Dialectical materialism believes that human beings are always free, but they are not free

Freedom of will is conditional and historical; will is restricted by social history in two main aspects: 1. The freedom of human will is restricted by social and historical conditions; 2. People’s evaluation of the quality of will is based on specific social conditions. Historical conditions are transferred.

Volitional activity is a function of the human brain and is the result of the integrated activities of multiple parts and levels of the nervous system.

Human volitional actions are realized by a series of voluntary movements. Voluntary movements are the result of the connection between motor sensory cells and motor cells.

Human voluntary movements are very complex and rely on the regulation of return afferents from effector organs.

The reticular structure also plays an important role in the volitional regulation of behavior.

In short, volitional action is the result of the interaction of many complex neural processes in the brain, among which the precentral motor area and the frontal lobe play a very important role.

The relationship between will and cognition: 1. The generation of will is predicated on the cognitive process. Without the cognitive process, will cannot be generated. 2. Will also has a great influence on cognitive processes.

The relationship between will and emotion. 1. Emotions can be both the driving force and the resistance to volitional actions; 2. Will can control emotions, enable emotions to control emotions, and make emotions obey reason; 3. Cognitive processes, emotional emotional processes, and volitional processes are closely related

The relationship between will and personality: 1. Personality tendency restricts the expression of human will; 2. Will plays an important role in the formation and development of personality

An act of will is an action with a purpose

Voluntary movement is the basis of volitional action

Willing action is linked to overcoming difficulties

Will is a manifestation of the regulatory function of consciousness

The regulating effect of will on action is manifested in two aspects: initiating and inhibiting human behavior.

Will can regulate people’s external actions and mental state

Adoption of the decision stage involves motivational struggles and determining the purpose of action. Motivational struggles are divided into 4 forms: approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, and multiple approach-avoidance conflict

The execution decision stage, including the selection of action methods, strategies and decisions made to achieve customer service difficulties

Conflict and ambivalence: Actions of will are often accompanied by conflicts and ambivalence.

Goal: An internal mental representation of an individual that guides his or her behavior

Ambition level: refers to the level of achievement that an individual estimates he can achieve before doing a certain actual work. It is closely related to the determination and selection of a person's goals. Influenced by three factors: self-confidence, individual success and failure experience, and group success and failure experience

Self-confidence: Also known as self-confidence, it means that an individual trusts himself, has confidence in what he knows and can do, and has no doubts about his judgments and what he has done. In terms of performance: the role of self-confidence in determining the level of goals; self-confidence affects our emotional response to tasks and the amount of pressure we endure; self-confidence stimulates people's motivational thinking; self-confidence affects the persistence and persistence of volitional actions. Tolerance to stress; self-confidence also affects reaction to achieving goals

decision making

Consciousness refers to the quality of a person's will that has a clear purpose in action, is able to understand the social significance of action, and makes his actions subject to the requirements of society.

Decisiveness refers to a quality of will that is good at distinguishing right from wrong, seizing opportunities, taking decisions quickly and reasonably, and realizing the decisions made.

Tenacity refers to the persistence of the purpose of action and the quality of will to maintain abundant energy and perseverance in action.

Self-control refers to the quality of being able to consciously and flexibly control one's emotions and restrain one's movements and speech during volitional actions.

Strengthen purposeful education and focus on cultivating moral emotions

Organize practical activities to gain direct experience in will training

Self-training to strengthen will

Give full play to the role of discipline in cultivating will and quality

Will control is the process by which individuals manipulate the course and results of events to make them consistent with desired goals.

The control function of the will is achieved through the stimulation and restraint of actions. Motivation is expressed as pushing people to take active actions to achieve goals. Restraint means stopping actions that conflict with the intended purpose.

People encounter many internal and external obstacles in the process of achieving their goals, and will control must eliminate these obstacles.

When people encounter a threatening situation and are unable to cope with it, they feel that they have lost control of the event.

There are some reactions when you lose control

Interest is an individual’s psychological tendency to learn about something or engage in an activity

Genetic factors and environmental factors both affect interest

Interest is a huge motivation for understanding things and engaging in activities. It is a psychological factor that promotes people to seek knowledge and engage in activities. Interest plays a driving role in people's learning, work and all activities.

Interest is an important factor in attracting and maintaining attention. People always happily and proactively explore things they are interested in. Interest is a powerful motivation for people to engage in activities.

Material interests (the pursuit of food, clothing, comfortable living environment and living conditions, etc.) and spiritual interests (interests in knowledge)

Direct interest (the activity process itself) and indirect interest (activity results)

Interest tendency: refers to what an individual is interested in

Broadness of interests: the scope of an individual’s interests

Persistence of interest: Stability of interest refers to the degree to which an individual's interest is stable

Efficacy of interest: refers to the power of individual interests to promote activities

A need is a certain lack or imbalance within an organism. It reflects the dependence of the survival and development of organisms on objective conditions and is the source of enthusiasm for organism activities.

Needs are the source of enthusiasm for organic activities and the basic motivation for people to carry out activities.

Physiological needs (some needs to preserve and maintain the life of organisms and continue the race) and social needs (needs formed by human beings in social life to maintain the existence and development of society)

Material needs (needs targeting material products) and spiritual needs (needs targeting spiritual and cultural products)

Lewin's need theory: It is assumed that there is a certain balance between the individual and the environment. If this balance is destroyed, it will cause a kind of tension (needs and motivations), and this tension will lead to efforts to restore the balance. Effort (it's called movement). Lewin divided needs into: needs and quasi-needs

Murray's need theory: regards needs as the central concept of the individual and is used to explain the dynamic structure of personality. It is believed that needs are the source of motivation for individual behavior and are necessary for individual behavior. Various human needs interact with each other, and all human needs are a system. Murray divided needs into basic needs and secondary needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory: It believes that humans have five basic needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs.

Aldev’s need theory: There are three types of human needs: survival needs (the most basic needs), relationship needs (relationship needs), and growth needs (people’s inner desire for development).

McClelland's need theory: After human physiological needs are met, the basic needs are: achievement needs, power needs and gregarious needs. The order and importance of the three needs vary from person to person.

Rubinstein and Petrovsky's need theory: human needs are the source of positive personality, which contains two meanings: needs themselves are dynamic, and needs are the basic motivation for activities.

Motivation refers to the internal process that initiates, directs, and sustains physical and psychological activities

Engine conditions

motivation function

Work efficiency and motivation intensity

physiological motivation and social motivation

Long-term, general motivations and temporary, specific motivations

Noble motives and lower motives

Dominant and auxiliary motives

Conscious and subconscious motivations

traditional motivation theory

cognitive theory of motivation

Temperament is the dynamic characteristic of personal psychological activities

A person's temperament has great stability

Temperament explains the dynamic characteristics of a person's psychological activities, but cannot explain the person's beliefs, opinions, and interests. Does not play a decisive role in social time activities

Temperament can influence how activities are performed and how efficiently they are performed

Dynamic: Temperament mainly reflects the dynamic characteristics of psychological activities in terms of speed, intensity, stability and directionality.

Typicality: Temperament gives a unique color to all mental activities of a person, showing typical characteristics that are different from others

Stability: Temperament depends on biological tissue for its existence and is stable, so generally it will not change due to changes in the activity situation.

Innateness: temperament is innate

Strength of neural processes: refers to the ability of the brain's cortical cells to be strongly stimulated or to work for a long time

Balance of neural processes: Whether the intensity of excitatory and inhibitory processes in an individual is equivalent

Flexibility of neural processes: the speed with which an individual responds to stimuli and the speed with which excitatory and inhibitory processes switch between each other

Basic types of high-level neural activity: strong and unbalanced type (excitatory type); strong, balanced, and flexible type (lively type); strong, balanced, and inflexible type (quiet type); weak type (inhibitory type)

High-level neural activity types and temperament types and their behavioral characteristics: Pavlov believed that the excitable type is equivalent to choleric temperament, the lively type is equivalent to sanguine temperament, the quiet type is equivalent to phlegmous temperament, and the inhibitory type is equivalent to depressive temperament

Receptivity: refers to a person’s ability to feel appropriate stimuli from inside and outside

Tolerance: reflects a person’s tolerance to objective stimuli in terms of time and intensity

The agility of response, a manifestation of the flexibility of neural processes: includes two types of characteristics: psychological response and the speed of psychological processes (such as agility of thinking, speed of memorization, and flexibility of attention transfer); involuntary reactivity ( Such as the directivity of casual attention and the directivity of motor reaction)

Plasticity: refers to the degree to which people can change their adaptive behavior according to changes in external circumstances.

Emotional excitability: refers to the characteristic of producing emotional responses to weak stimuli at different speeds

Tropism: refers to the characteristics of whether a person's psychological activities, speech and action reactions are expressed externally or internally. Extroversion and introversion

Choleric: Also known as the irrepressible type, it is an excited and enthusiastic type.

Sanguine: Also known as the active type, it is an agile and active type.

Phlegm: Also known as the quiet type, it is a silent and calm type.

Depressive temperament: also known as the weak type, is a dull and shy type

The temperament types of children and adolescents also change as they grow older, but the changes in temperament types are different

Conditioned reflex measurement method: a method that uses certain instruments to form or change the subject's conditioned reflex in the laboratory, and observes the characteristics of the neural process during the period, so as to understand and determine the temperament characteristics of the subject.

Test method: also known as questionnaire method and self-report scale method, it requires subjects to answer a series of standardized questions, and then analyzes the temperament characteristics of the subjects.

Behavioral assessment method: observing a person's temperament characteristics under daily conditions to make an identification

On the one hand, temperament type does not determine a person’s social value. Temperament cannot determine a person’s behavioral direction and level. Temperament is not good or bad. A person’s social value cannot be judged based on individual temperament type.

On the other hand, temperament does not determine a person's achievements and level of intellectual development. Temperament can only affect the way of intellectual activities, giving them a certain color.

Different temperament types have a certain impact on work efficiency and working methods.

Individuals with different temperament types have unique suitability when adapting and organizing their practical activities, which will color the individual's work style with their temperament. Different temperament characteristics have different adaptability to environmental stimuli, so individuals with different temperament types have different choices and reaction tendencies to the environment.

Correctly understand and treat students with different temperament types

Educate students to correctly understand the strengths and weaknesses of their own temperament

Teachers themselves must correctly understand the strengths and weaknesses of their own temperament

Temperament directly affects people's physical and mental health, because individuals with different temperament types have different physiological characteristics and their ability to adapt to the environment.

Individuals with different temperament types have different sensitivity tendencies to stimuli of different meanings, and are prone to form significantly different emotional tendencies.

Attitudinal characteristics of personality (aspects of various social relationships)

volitional characteristics of character

emotional characteristics of character

intellectual traits of character

There is a certain internal relationship between various personality traits

Various personality traits are combined differently in different situations

plasticity of character

Spranger's type theory (dividing by values)

Holland's Type Theory (Personality-Occupation Match Theory)

Introversion-extroversion personality type theory

A-B personality types

It is believed that personality is composed of many traits, and trait is a neuropsychological structure. He divided traits into common traits and personal traits

Common traits: The same traits shared by groups or most people in the same cultural form. It is formed in a common way of life and is prevalent in everyone.

Personal traits: unique to an individual, representing an individual's personality tendencies. A person's unique personality qualities are usually determined by personal traits.

According to their different influence and significance on individual personality, they are divided into three overlapping and intersecting levels: 1. Primary traits (the most important, most typical and most general); 2. Central traits (important traits, determinants of behavior) ); 3. Secondary traits (appear on specific occasions)

surface traits and root traits

Institutional characteristics (determined by innate biological factors) and environmental characteristics (determined by acquired environmental factors)

Motivational traits (motivating traits that move a person toward a goal), ability traits (differential traits in perception and movement), and temperament traits (traits that determine the speed and intensity of emotional responses)

Started in Norman, after a lot of work by researchers, it has been recognized by most trait theorists, and is called a new trait theory.

Extraversion: energy, enthusiasm

Agreeableness: altruism, love

Responsibility: restraint, restraint

Neuroticism: negative emotions, nervousness

Openness: Originality, open-mindedness

Parent-child relationship: The relationship between parents and their children is the earliest interpersonal relationship established by children. It directly affects the physical and mental development of children and also affects all levels of interpersonal relationships formed in the future.

Family atmosphere: can be divided into two types: harmony and confrontation. It is mainly determined by the relationship between husband and wife, which affects the formation and development of the child's personality.

Family structure: It is generally believed that there are three types of structures: extended family, nuclear family and broken family

Only child: The formation of the character of an only child is inseparable from family and education.

Classroom education: Students receive systematic scientific knowledge through the classroom. In the process of students receiving systematic scientific knowledge, they form a scientific worldview, which is of great significance to the formation of students' good character traits.

Class collective: The basic organizational form of the school is the class collective. Group life is conducive to cultivating students' excellent character traits such as organization, discipline, gregariousness, self-control, bravery, altruism and strong will, and is also conducive to overcoming bad character traits such as selfishness and loneliness.

Teachers: Teachers are role models for students to learn from. Words and deeds have a subtle effect on students' character. The teacher-student relationship also affects students’ personality development

The activities people engage in shape their character, and their careers also play an important role in character development.

An individual’s existing ideals, beliefs and worldview play a decisive role in accepting social influence

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Questionnaire

Cartel's 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire

California Psychological Questionnaire

YG Personality Questionnaire

Projective testing is a test in which the experimenter provides stimuli with no definite meaning to the subjects, and the subjects can interpret them at will, allowing the subjects to unknowingly project their own thoughts and feelings to determine their personality characteristics.

Rorschach inkblot test

Thematic Apperception Test

Hallhorn and May's Morality Test

Soviet psychologist Serebryakova’s educational experiments

Ability is a psychological characteristic and the psychological condition for successfully realizing a certain activity

General abilities (abilities manifested in different types of activities) and special abilities (abilities manifested in certain professional activities)

Imitation ability (the ability to learn various knowledge by observing other people's behaviors and activities, and then react in the same way) and creative ability (the ability to generate new ideas and new products)

Fluid ability (the ability shown in information processing and problem solving) and crystallized ability (the ability to acquire knowledge such as language, mathematics, etc.)

Cognitive ability (the ability of the human brain to process, store and retrieve information), operational ability (referring to people's ability to operate their limbs to complete various activities) and social ability (people's ability to perform social interaction activities)

Two-factor theory: Spearman proposed two factors: general ability or general factor (G factor); another special ability, called S factor (necessary to ensure that people can complete certain tasks or activities)

Basic mental abilities: Thurston proposed 7 factors based on simple structural principles, which are called basic mental abilities: mathematical ability, verbal fluency, reasoning, verbal meaning, perceptual speed, memory ability and spatial ability (independent of each other)

Pluralistic theory of intelligence: Gardner believes that intelligence is pluralistic and consists of 8 relatively opposing intelligence components. Each intelligence is a separate functional system that interacts with each other and is used for everyday conversational abilities: verbal intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, motor intelligence, social intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, natural intelligence intelligence

Three-dimensional structural model: Guilford believes that intelligence can be divided into three dimensions, namely content (including auditory, visual, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral), operation (the process of intellectual operation, including cognition, divergent thinking, convergent thinking, and evaluation) and Product (result of intellectual operation)

Hierarchical structure theory: Funan proposed a hierarchical structure theory of ability. The highest level is general factors. The second level is divided into two large factor groups: verbal and educational factors, and mechanical and operational factors. The third level is small factor groups, including Language understanding, quantity, mechanical information, spatial ability, manual operation, etc.; the fourth level is special factors, that is, various special abilities

Triarchic theory of intelligence: Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence. It consists of three subtheories: the componential subtheory discusses the inner world of the individual and reveals the cognitive processes and structures involved in intellectual behavior; the situational subtheory discusses environmental needs; and the experience subtheory discusses the impact of individual experience on intelligence, as well as the internal world and relations between the external world

PASS theory of intelligence: refers to planning-attention-simultaneous processing-sequential processing, including 3 cognitive systems and 4 processing processes. The attention system, also known as the attention-arousal system, is the basis of the entire system, and simultaneous processing and sequential processing are collectively called the information processing system, which is at the middle level; the planning system is at the highest level.

Childhood and adolescence are the most important periods for the development of certain abilities

Human intelligence reaches its peak between the ages of 18-25

Adulthood is the longest period of life and the most stable period of ability development.

IQ declines slowly after middle age, with some studies finding little or no change

There are individual differences in the tendency of ability development

genetics

environment and education

Interaction of genetics and environment

Extraordinary intelligence: refers to the intellectual development that significantly exceeds the level of normal people of the same age, or special talents in some aspects

low intellegence

Gender differences in math ability

Gender differences in speech ability

Gender differences in spatial ability

The origin and development history of intelligence tests

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Emphasis on Verbal Skills

Wechsler Intelligence Scale: Verbal and Operative

Behavior and Culture-Fairness Quiz

Mechanical ability tests: Minnesota Mechanical Assembly Test, Minnesota Spatial Relations Test, Minnesota Written Shape Test, etc.

Musical Aptitude Test: Sishore Musical Aptitude Test, compiled based on the analysis of musical ability

General Clerical Aptitude Test: Emphasis on perceptual speed and motor agility. minnesota essay test

It does not emphasize the memory and understanding of existing knowledge, but emphasizes the fluency, flexibility and extraordinary uniqueness of thinking. The answers to questions are not unique and fixed. Rubaran explains inkblots