MindMap Gallery Potassium and calcium metabolism disorders
This is a mind map about potassium and calcium metabolism disorders, including hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-24 23:18:39This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Potassium and calcium metabolism disorders
Hypokalemia
definition
K<3.5
Cause
Insufficient potassium intake
long term fasting
Too much potassium loss
Transfer of extracellular potassium into cells
clinical manifestations
Muscle weakness (earliest)
Digestive dysfunction
Intestinal paralysis (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, loss of intestinal motility)
abnormal heart function
systolic arrest
metabolic alkalosis
Paradoxical aciduria
hypokalemic alkalosis
twitch
Auxiliary inspection
Electrocardiogram
T wave decrease, ST segment decrease
Prolonged Q-T interval
U wave (diagnostic value)
Nursing measures
Restore serum potassium concentration
Take potassium supplements as directed by your doctor
Take oral potassium supplements as much as possible
Oral administration is preferred, followed by intravenous potassium supplementation after severe dilution
It is strictly prohibited to directly inject 10% potassium chloride solution intravenously to avoid cardiac arrest due to elevated blood potassium.
Potassium supplementation should not be done too early
Urine output>40ml/h or>500ml/d
The concentration should not be too high
<0.3%
The speed should not be too fast
<60 drops/min
High concentration: central venous infusion
The total amount should not be too much
40~80mmol daily
Reduce risk of injury
health education
hyperkalemia
definition
K>5.5
Cause
Too much potassium
Input large amounts of stock blood, etc.
Decreased potassium excretion
Kidneys (most common cause)
acute and chronic renal failure
Movement of intracellular potassium out of the cell
clinical manifestations
neuromuscular stress changes
muscle weakness
microcirculation disorder
cardiovascular symptoms
diastolic arrest
Auxiliary inspection
Electrocardiogram
T wave is high and pointed
Q-T interval shortened
QRS widening
Processing principles
Cause treatment
Forbidden potassium
Reduce serum potassium concentration
Promote K transfer into cells
alkaline extracellular fluid
5% sodium bicarbonate
Promote glycogen synthesis
25% glucose solution 100~200ml
Promote K excretion
Furosemide 40ml intravenously
Oral cation exchange resin or retention enema
Renal insufficiency, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis
hypercalcemia
definition
>2.75
Cause
Hyperparathyroidism
Malignant tumors and malignant tumor bone metastasis
other
clinical manifestations
Early stage no specificity
Further increases in calcium may lead to headache, back and limb pain, thirst, polyuria, and constipation.
Hypercalcemia crisis occurs when blood calcium is greater than 4.5, and it is easy to die from cardiac arrest or renal failure.
Auxiliary inspection
Serum parathyroid hormone measurement
significantly increased
Electrocardiogram
Q-T interval shortened
atrioventricular block
Processing principles
Treat the underlying disease
Lower blood calcium
hypocalcemia
definition
<2.25
Cause
Vitamin D deficiency
hypoparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
acute pancreatitis
clinical manifestations
Increased neuromuscular excitability
Numbness and pins and needles around the mouth and finger/toe tips
tetany
Hypertendinous reflexes and positive facial nerve percussion sign
Psychiatric symptoms
cardiovascular symptoms
other
Auxiliary inspection
Serum parathyroid hormone measurement
lower than normal
Electrocardiogram
Q-T interval and ST segment were significantly prolonged
Processing principles
Intravenous calcium supplementation
10% calcium gluconate
Oral calcium supplement
Oral calcium and vitamin D preparations