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MindMap Gallery Energy metabolism and body temperature

Energy metabolism and body temperature

This is a mind map about energy metabolism and body temperature, including the main factors affecting energy metabolism, the source, outlet and balance of the body's energy, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-24 22:08:41

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Energy metabolism and body temperature

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Outline

Energy metabolism and body temperature

Energy Metabolism

Basic concepts of metabolism

Metabolism manifests as anabolism and catabolism.

The source, outlet and balance of body energy

source

ATP is a direct energy supply substance and an important storage form of energy.

CP in muscle and brain tissue is a storehouse of ATP

Sugar (50%-70%), fat (30%-50%), protein (almost 0)

use

More than 50% is converted into heat energy, and the rest is stored in high-energy phosphate bonds of high-energy compounds such as ATP.

It is used for the body to complete various physiological functional activities. Except for the contraction of skeletal muscles to perform mechanical work, the rest of the energy used is eventually converted into heat energy.

Heat is the lowest form of energy and is no longer converted to maintain body temperature.

balance

Human body intake and consumption are basically equal

Principles and methods of energy metabolism measurement

Energy metabolic rate: the amount of energy consumed by the body per unit time

direct calorimetry

Directly measure the subject's heat dissipation at rest

indirect calorimetry

Calculate the energy consumed based on the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide consumed by the subject in a resting state, and then calculate the heat production

Relevant data during calculation

Caloric value of food: the amount of heat released by the oxidation of 1g of food

Oxygen heat price: the heat generated by 1g of oxygen consumed in the oxidation of food

Respiratory quotient: The ratio of carbon dioxide exhaled by the body to oxygen inhaled within a certain period of time. Sugar: nearly 1, fat: 0.71, protein: 0.8

non-protein respiratory quotient

Main factors affecting energy metabolism

muscle activity

ambient temperature

Food special dynamic effects

mental and emotional activities

basal metabolic rate

A state in which a person is awake, quiet, and not affected by factors such as muscle activity, mental stress, food, and environmental temperature (BMR is the lowest energy metabolism level when a person is awake, lower when asleep, and can be increased during dreaming)

BMR measurement standards and normal values

Positively related to body surface area, body surface area is calculated according to Stevenson's formula.

The clinical significance of measuring BMR

Assist in diagnosing metabolic diseases

Body temperature and its normal changes

body temperature

Body surface temperature: lower than body core temperature, varies greatly among parts, and is affected by ambient temperature

Body core temperature: relatively stable, with small differences among various parts, with the highest temperature in the liver being about 38°C

normal changes

Diurnal rhythm: Body temperature fluctuates in the diurnal cycle, with the lowest value between 2 and 6 a.m. and the highest value between 1 and 6 p.m., depending on the internal factors of the organism.

Adult women are 0.3°C warmer than men

Menstrual cycle: The basal body temperature of women of childbearing age changes with the menstrual cycle: it is lower in the follicular phase, lowest in the ovulation phase, and elevated in the luteal phase (caused by progesterone acting on the hypothalamus)

Children and adolescents have the highest body temperature, while the elderly have lower body temperatures

Muscle activity: enhances metabolism and increases heat production

Thermogenesis

Organs: liver and skeletal muscle. The liver mainly produces heat at rest, and skeletal muscle during exercise or labor (brown adipose tissue in newborns)

thermogenic form

Including: basal metabolic thermogenesis, skeletal muscle exercise thermogenesis, food-specific dynamic thermogenesis, and shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis.

Shivering thermogenesis: arrhythmic contraction of skeletal muscles, which is the main form of heat production in cold environments

Non-shivering thermogenesis: Increases thermogenesis by increasing tissue metabolic rate, which is of great significance for newborns to maintain body heat balance.

adjust

body fluid regulation

Thyroid hormone is the most important, with long duration but slow onset of action; epinephrine, dethyroid hormone, and growth hormone have quick onset but short onset of action.

neuromodulation

Cold stimulates the shiver center in the posterior part of the hypothalamus and excites the sympathetic nerves, thereby promoting the release of epinephrine and dethyroid hormones from the adrenal medulla, thereby increasing thermogenesis.

Heat dissipation

Main parts: skin

Radiation heat dissipation (main)

Conduction heat dissipation

Convection heat dissipation

Evaporative heat dissipation

When the ambient temperature is < body temperature, radiation heat dissipation is the main method; on the contrary, evaporation heat dissipation is the main method.

Su Minlong 220112242