behavioral reinforcement theory

feedback regulation mechanism

Viewpoint 1: Personality consists of three factors: id, ego and superego

The knower's attitude toward an object depends on the attitude of a third party.

If the cognitive subject's attitude towards two objects (attitudes, objects) and the third party tend to be consistent, then the cognition is in a balanced state, and the attitude is not easy to change, otherwise its cognition will fall into an unbalanced state.

The principle of consistency governs people's thinking and provides motivation for attitude change. Attitude change involves the direction of three variables. The first is the person's attitude towards the information source, the second is the person's attitude towards the information object, and the third is Attitude toward the assertions made by an information source about the information object. But also about their strength indicators.

Cognitive dissonance is a prerequisite for attitude change. Attitude and cognitive components include many cognitive elements. There are three possibilities between cognitive elements: relationship and cognitive coordination relationship, no relationship and cognitive dissonance relationship.

Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual realizes that cognitive elements are in an incongruous relationship, and the individual experiences unpleasant or stressful experiences. At this time, individuals will strive to change their opinions and behavioral attitudes to restore the cognitive coordination relationship.

Although cognitive dissonance provides conditions for attitude change, it does not necessarily lead to attitude change. Therefore, it is necessary to seize the opportunity of cognitive dissonance in time and take effective measures to promote attitude change.

When individuals face persuasive information, the timing and ability to process the information are different, and there are two ways to process information: central and peripheral.

If an individual has the motivation and ability to receive information, he or she will refine the persuasive information through the central path and arrive at a point of view that is inconsistent or consistent with the persuasive information, thereby achieving a change or change in attitude.

If individuals do not have the motivation and ability to accept information, they will process information through the marginal path. At this time, the main information processed is not the persuasive information itself, but the relevant emotional experience clues of the persuasive information, such as the identity of the persuader, status attractiveness, persuasion Clues such as the amount of sexual information. After peripheral path processing, clues will also be obtained, and the result of the information is persuasive or unconvincing, which will lead to the change or unchanged of the individual's attitude.

People can have two different evaluations of the same attitude or object at the same time. One is the explicit attitude that can be realized by people, and the other is the implicit attitude that is automatic and cannot be realized. When people originally When an attitude changes to a new attitude, the original attitude will not disappear, but will be stored in the memory, potentially affecting individual cognition and behavior in an implicit form, resulting in dual attitudes. Among them, implicit attitudes are automatically activated, while explicit attitudes require more psychological energy and motivation to retrieve from memory and play a role.

Providing only one-sided evidence, such as positive evidence, is more effective for people with a lower education level and those who originally held a favorable attitude, while providing both positive and negative evidence is more effective for people with a higher education level and those who originally held an opposing attitude. people are more effective.

Let students who play the role of actors and audience respectively, be in a real situation, form a desire to solve problems and understand the participating activities, produce empathy, sympathy, anger, love and other emotions, and conduct discussion and analysis on this basis, so as to play the role of actors Students in the audience will form certain attitudes and values.

Pre-moral stage, 2 to 4 years old

Moral realism stage, 5 to 10 years old

Moral relativity stage, 8 to 11 years old

pre-conventional level

custom level

post-conventional level

Make overall plans for primary school moral education, middle school moral education, secondary vocational moral education, and university moral education as a system, and build a school moral education system with Chinese characteristics that meets the requirements of quality education from the aspects of target content, method, management, and evaluation, and use empirical methods to implement it. Verification provides theoretical reference and practical model to enhance the systematic, scientific, pertinence and effectiveness of school moral education work.

Collective moral psychology affects the moral factors and the development of informed thoughts and actions of collective members from two aspects. On the one hand, good collective moral quality prompts most normal children to form good moral character; on the other hand, good collective moral quality can transform moral character. Bad students.

Teachers treat students with a democratic attitude, and students will develop towards emotional stability, friendly attitude and leadership skills.

Teachers adopting an authoritarian attitude towards students can easily lead to students being nervous, emotionally cold, aggressive and unable to control themselves.

Teachers adopt a laissez-faire attitude towards students, and students develop in an unorganized and undisciplined direction.

Ten Principles of Mental Health Standards

Psychological and behavioral problems are divided into externalizing problems and internalizing problems. Most of the externalizing problems are directed at others and generally conflict with social norms and educational expectations. Internalizing problems, including behavioral problems such as aggression and confrontation, refer to individuals. Compared with externalizing problems, internal psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety, are usually not easily noticed by others and do not pose a direct threat to others. However, these internalizing problems with a dictionary nature are harmful. Long-lasting risks to an individual’s mental health.

What causes people's emotional distress is not what happens in the outside world, but people's attitudes, opinions and other cognitive contents about things. Reasonable concepts lead to healthy emotions, while unreasonable concepts lead to negative and unstable emotions. Therefore, it is necessary to change Emotional distress is not about changing external events, but about changing cognition and changing emotions through cognition. He believes that the main factual and behavioral events encountered by individuals are called A, people's cognitive viewpoints are called B, and emotional reaction behaviors It is called C, so the core theory is also called ABC theory.

Our emotional reaction C is directly determined by our concept B. However, many people only pay attention to the relationship between A and C and ignore that C is caused by B. If B is an irrational concept, it will cause negative emotions, such as To improve your emotional state, you must D refute irrational ideas B, establish new ideas, and obtain positive emotional effects E. These are the ABCDE steps of rational emotional therapy.

The primary task of basic education is to lay the foundation for students' physical and mental health, lifelong growth, and learning to move into society.