Basic point

Perspectives on adolescent psychological development

evaluate

Example: During the growth process, teenagers often become enthusiastic about overly energetic activities for a period of time, and then they start to become listless and sluggish. Sometimes an idea will appear in their mind, and they want to study hard and go out to play.

Basic point

Perspectives on adolescent psychological development

evaluate

Example: For children, to do the right thing at the right time, repeated practice is necessary, but it must also be based on understanding; for children’s development, learning is not unimportant, but when the individual has not yet When you mature to a certain level, the effect of learning is limited

Watson's behaviorism theory

Skinner's operant behavior theory

Example: For the development of teenagers, the environment is an important factor in growth. The good environment provided by schools, families, and society can provide children with a better learning space. Families teach children how to live; schools teach children to learn various knowledge. Gain a foothold in society; and society gives children a platform to develop and express themselves.

Emphasizing the influence of social and cultural factors on adolescent behavior, it is believed that social behavioral norms, cultural expectations, social or cultural rituals, group pressure, skills and other factors are the key to understanding adolescent behavior.

Example: As teenagers grow up and their understanding of society deepens, a cognitive generation gap will arise between parents and children. After the generation gap exists, conflicts may arise. If the conflict is not resolved well, there will be conflicts. Leaves a bad mark on the child's psychology

observational learning

strengthen

Example: People will have a kind of admiration and herd mentality. When they see someone who is better than themselves, they will regard them as their own goals and work hard accordingly. At the same time, teenagers will have an inner desire to be independent from their parents and fight against it.

basic meaning

Dynamic Principle Three Types of Facts

Analysis of teenagers’ living space

Example: Different people may behave differently in the same environment. For example, during the Anti-Japanese War, when facing aggression, some people would rather die than surrender and resist to the death; but there are also people who are driven by interests and are willing to become traitors.

zone of proximal development theory

The best age period for learning (critical period)

Social environment is the real lever of the educational process

Vygotsky on the communicative nature of teaching

Vygotsky on personality and its formation

Example: When Chinese teachers first teach classical Chinese, they have to provide a lot of annotations so that students can understand the original text. After a period of study, teachers give students fewer and fewer annotations, and students can also complete the reading of classical Chinese on their own.

Personality "Three I" Structure

Personality Development View

Example: The self is not born, but is formed during the process of growth and adaptation to society. Self-rational, will face up to social reality, and value common sense and rules. It can feel the desires of the self, and the self will use reason to identify the requirements of the self. If the ego is a little baby in the heart of a person who only knows how to pursue satisfaction and happiness, then the self is like the baby's guardian, who will use reason to consider these requirements and selectively satisfy those requirements based on consideration of the actual situation. Require

The first characteristic: self-discovery

The second characteristic: generating ideas about life

The third characteristic: Expanding one’s life area

Example: After entering adolescence, teenagers’ new attitudes towards life begin to slowly emerge, they realize the continuity of their lives, understand the importance of their future to themselves, their ideals and beliefs gradually begin to be established, and they begin to engage in social activities, art Create, think, and build economic plans

Taking into account both biological factors and cultural and social factors

"Eight Stages of Human Beings"

Example: In infancy, trust develops the quality of "hope" in the personality. Children with a sense of trust dare to hope, are full of ideals, and have a strong future orientation. On the contrary, they dare not hope and are always worried that their needs will not be met. In childhood, the conflict between parents and children is intense. On the one hand, parents must take on the task of controlling children's behavior to conform to social norms; on the other hand, children begin to have a sense of autonomy. In the early school years, if a child is encouraged to show active inquiry behavior, the child will develop initiative, which lays the foundation for him to become a responsible and creative person in the future. School is a place where children are trained to adapt to society and acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for future life. The main task of adolescence is to establish a new sense of identity or image of oneself in the eyes of others and the emotional position he occupies in the social collective

assimilation and accommodation

Factors affecting child development

Children's psychological development stages

Example: A baby after six months begins to recognize birth, which means it has formed a permanent consciousness of the mother; when it is more than one year old, it begins to know that the mother has gone to the toilet and will come out after a while; the mother goes to work in the morning and comes back in the evening. This is space, awareness of time

microsystem

intermediate system

outer system

Macrosystem

time system

biological factors

Example: In life, the microsystem refers to the direct environment in which children live, including parents, family, peers, schools, communities... The mesosystem refers to the connections or interrelationships between various factors in the microsystem. , such as the communication between parents and teachers; the outer system refers to the social environment in which children live, including parents’ work, parents’ friends, etc. Therefore, we need to analyze the child's growth environment, weigh the pros and cons, and let the combined efforts point to the optimal direction for the child's development. This is the overall education.

In the process of human development throughout life, the impact of different historical environments and specific life situations on human psychological development

subtopic

Learning in a broad sense

learning in a narrow sense

Classification of learning by Chinese scholars

Gagné’s classification of learning

Classification of learning by scholars such as Ausubel and Bloom

Gagne's model of learning and memory

Meyer's learning process model

Teaching must help learners select relevant information

organize information

Integrate information

The essence of learning

learning process

rules of learning

Pavlov's classical conditioning research and its conclusions

Watson's research and conclusions

operant conditioning

reinforcement theory

Teaching machine and program teaching

The introduction of observational learning

Observational learning process

Factors affecting the learning process