(1) Performance

(2) Causes

(1) Areas with the same latitude

(2) Regions with different latitudes

(1) Global scale

(2) Medium scale

(3) Small scale

(1) Latitude and regional differentiation rules

(2) The differentiation pattern from coastal to inland regions

(1) Heat: There is more heat at the foothills and less heat at the top of the mountain.

(2) Moisture: From the foothills to the top of the mountain, the precipitation is "less-more-less"

(1) Dominant factors: water and heat conditions (altitude, relative height)

(2) Performance: From the foothills to the top of the mountain, there are different landscape zones.

(3) Change pattern: horizontal extension, vertical replacement

(1) The base zone is consistent with the local horizontal natural zone where the mountain is located

(2) The vertical belt changes are similar to the changes in the natural land belt from its latitude to higher latitudes.

(3) The lower the latitude, the more complex the vertical band spectrum is, and the higher the latitude, the simpler it is.

(4) The lower the latitude, the higher the altitude of the same natural zone in mountainous areas, and the higher the latitude, the lower the altitude.

(5) The higher the altitude (relative height), the more complex the vertical band spectrum is (with limits); the lower it is, the simpler it is

(6) Natural areas with higher altitudes are distributed on sunny slopes, while natural areas with lower altitudes are distributed on shady slopes; there are more natural areas on sunny slopes than on shady slopes

(7) If the north slope is a sunny slope, the mountain is located in the southern hemisphere

(1) Snow line (material balance line)

(2) Timberline

Hot dry river valleys in tropical and subtropical regions

Salt-alkali land on the grassland

Natural areas are affected by various factors such as sea and land distribution, terrain relief, ocean currents, moisture, etc., resulting in some mesoscale non-zonal distributions.

Lack of natural zones: For example, there are no tundra zones or coniferous forest zones in the middle and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.

Natural zone changes: savannah zone on the East African plateau near the equator; special tropical rainforest zone

Natural zone shape constraints: the long and narrow distribution of tropical desert zones on the west coast of South America

Natural areas are in the form of blocks: oases, such as the oasis at the foot of Kunlun Mountains