Experiments by Eduard Buchner

Contribution of Emil Fischer

Contributions by Arthur Harden and William Young

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate within cells

divided into two main stages

Enzyme: Hexokinase/Grapekinase

Need help with Mg2

Energy consumption: ATP

Reversibility: The reaction is irreversible and is the rate-limiting step of the entire glycolysis reaction.

Reversible reaction

Catalyzed by hexose phosphate isomerase

Isomerization reaction between aldose and ketose

The second step of phosphorylation reaction

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1

Energy consumption: ATP

Auxiliary:Mg2

Reversibility: The reaction is irreversible and is the rate-limiting step of the entire glycolysis reaction.

Enzyme: Aldolase (named according to the reverse reaction)

Energy: Not required

Reversibility: reversible reaction

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be quickly converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be converted into α-glycerol phosphate

The only redox reaction in the entire glycolysis reaction

Features: The aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxyl group and a high-energy phosphoric acid is added to it

Enzyme: triphosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH

Coenzyme: NAD

Need Pi

This reaction produces ATP and involves substrate-level phosphorylation

substrate level phosphorylation

Reversibility: Reversible

3-Phosphoglycerate can participate in gluconeogenesis reactions

Energy: generate ATP

Reversibility: Reversible

Reversibility: Reversible

Features: Form high-energy phosphate bonds

The third step of the reaction is the rate-limiting reaction.

Reversibility: irreversible

Energy: generate ATP

Enzyme: pyruvate kinase

NADH's fate

The fate of pyruvate

Lactofermentation

ethanol fermentation

Other forms of fermentation

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose in cells

Other substances can enter the glycolytic pathway to provide additional energy

Pyruvate is an intermediate product of glycolysis

Pyruvate can come from other substances, such as fatty acids and amino acids

Leloir approach

Glycerol is one of the substrates of glycolysis

Glycerol can come from other substances, such as fats and glycerophospholipids

Lactic acid is one of the end products of glycolysis

Lactic acid can come from other substances, such as amino acids and the lactic acid cycle

Other substances enter glycolysis to provide additional energy

Pyruvate, glycerol, and lactate are important intermediates and end products in glycolysis;

Allosteric inhibition of ATP

Allosteric inhibition of citric acid

suppression of protons

Allosteric activation of AMP and ADP

Allosteric activation of F-2,6-BP