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Medical Immunology-Mind Map
Medical Immunology-Mind Map includes an introduction to immunology, immune organs, antigens, antibodies, etc. It is full of useful information, interested friends can refer to it.
Edited at 2023-11-20 14:29:09
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Medical Immunology-Mind Map
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
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- Reproductive development of animals
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- Outline
medical immunology
1. Introduction to Immunology
immune system components
immune organs and tissues
Immune Cells
immune molecules
Immune Function
immune defense
Defense against pathogens
Too low/deficient: immunodeficiency disease
immune surveillance
Discover and eliminate non-self components in the body (tumor, death, aging cells)
Low: tumor occurrence
immune homeostasis
Immune tolerance and immune regulation → internal environment stability
Missing: Autoimmune and allergic diseases
Types of immune response
innate immunity
first line of defense
adaptive immunity
cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
2. immune organs and tissues
central immune organ
marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
Function
The place where various types of blood cells and immune cells occur
The place where B cells and NK cells differentiate and mature.
Where the humoral immune response occurs
Thymus
The earliest immune organ to develop; the place where T cells differentiate and mature.
Function
The place where T cells differentiate and mature
Immunomodulatory effects
Establishment and maintenance of autoimmune tolerance
Peripheral immune organs and tissues
Lymph nodes
It is the most complete peripheral immune organ
HEV: high endothelial venule, which is an important channel communicating blood circulation and lymph circulation. Lymphocytes in the blood can enter the lymph node parenchyma through this site.
Function
Where Tcell and Bcell settled
site of immune response
filtering effect
Remove antigenic foreign matter, purify lymph nodes, and prevent the spread of pathogens
Participate in lymphocyte recirculation
spleen
It is a hematopoietic organ in the embryonic stage and later evolves into the largest peripheral immune organ in the human body.
Function
Where Tcell and Bcell settled
where the immune response occurs
Synthetic bioactive substances
Complement, cytokines, etc.
filtering effect
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
gut-associated lymphoid tissue
M cells: microfold cells
It is a specialized antigen-transporting cell that has no microvilli and cannot secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.
Function
Exerting mucosal local immune response
SIgA is produced
Lymphocyte homing and recycling
lymphocyte homing
Refers to the process in which lymphocytes in the blood selectively migrate and settle in specific areas or specific tissues of peripheral immune organs.
lymphocyte recirculation
Lymphocytes designated to reside in peripheral immune organs enter the blood circulation from the efferent lymphatic vessels through the lymphatic trunk, thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. After entering the blood circulation and reaching the peripheral immune organs, they pass through the HEV and are redistributed to lymphoid organs and tissues throughout the body. cycle process.
3. antigen
concept
Ag refers to all substances that can activate and induce immune responses. They usually refer to substances that can be recognized and combined by specific antigen receptors (TCR/BCR) on the surface of T and B lymphocytes, activating T and B cells to proliferate, differentiate, and generate immune responses. Substances that combine with effector products (specific lymphocytes or antibodies) to exert adaptive immune response effects.
Antigen properties and molecular structure basis
Basic properties of antigens
Immunogenicity
The ability of the antigen to be recognized and combined by TCR/BCR and induce the body to produce an adaptive immune response
immunoreactivity
The ability of an antigen to specifically bind to the immune response effector substances (activated T/B cells or antibodies) it induces.
complete antigen
Incomplete antigen/hapten
Not immunogenic, but immunoreactive
Antigen specificity of the adaptive immune response
Antigens stimulate the body to produce adaptive immune responses and combine with response effector products to show specificity. A specific antigen can only stimulate the body to produce activated T/B cells or antibodies against the antigen, and can only interact with the lymphocytes. Or the antibody specifically binds.
Test for hepatitis B
Molecular structural basis that determines antigen specificity: antigenic epitope
concept
An epitope is a special chemical group in an antigen molecule that determines the specificity of the immune response. It is the smallest structural and functional unit that specifically binds an antigen to TCR/BCR or an antibody.
category
According to the spatial structure characteristics of amino acids
sequential epitope
Also called linear epitopes, they are composed of consecutively arranged amino acids.
conformational epitope
It consists of several amino acids arranged discontinuously but close to each other in space to form a specific conformation. Generally located on the surface of molecules.
According to the antigenic epitope recognized by T/B cells
T cell epitope
Epitopes recognized by CD8⁺T cells
Epitopes recognized by CD4⁺T cells
B cell epitope
hapten-carrier effect
Some artificially synthesized simple organic chemical molecules are haptens and have very low immunogenicity. They must be coupled with protein carriers to induce the production of anti-hapten antibodies.
Common epitopes and cross-reactivity
common epitope
Some antigen molecules contain multiple epitopes, and different antigens may contain the same or similar epitopes.
cross-reactivity
Specific antibodies or activated lymphocytes induced by certain antigens can not only specifically bind to self-antigen epitopes, but can also react with the same or similar epitopes in other antigens.
cross antigen
Different antigens containing common epitopes
Medical related
Acute glomerulonephritis (Streptococcus)
Waifei reaction
Detection of epidemic typhus and canianiosis caused by rickettsiae
cowpox
Factors affecting antigen immunogenicity
Physicochemical and structural properties of antigen molecules
Foreign body property
chemical properties
molecular weight
Molecular Structure
molecular conformation
accessibility
Physical properties
Host characteristics
genetic factors
Age, gender and health status
How antigens enter the body
Intradermal injection and subcutaneous immunization route are easy to induce immune response, followed by intramuscular injection, while intravenous injection is less effective, and oral immunization is easy to induce tolerance.
Intradermal＞Subcutaneous＞Muscle＞Abdominal cavity＞Venous
Type of antigen
Classification based on whether Th cells are required to participate in inducing antibodies
Thymus-dependent antigen (TD-Ag)
Most natural antigens fall into this category
Thymus-independent antigen (TI-Ag)
Classification based on the relationship between the antigen and the body
Heterophage antigen (common antigen)
Common antigens between different species
xenoantigen
Antigen from another species
alloantigen
Different antigens that exist between different individuals of the same species
autoantigen
idiotype antigen
Classification based on the source of intracellular antigens in antigen-presenting cells
endogenous antigen
exogenous antigen
Other categories
non-specific immune stimulants
Superantigen (SAg)
No MHC restriction
Certain antigenic substances can non-specifically activate a strong immune response in small doses
Adjuvant
Refers to non-specific immune-enhancing substances that are injected into the body in advance or at the same time as antigens, which can enhance the body's immune response to antigens or change the type of immune response.
mitogen
Also known as mitogen, it is a non-specific lymphocyte polyclonal activator. ···Stimulating resting lymphocytes to transform into lymphoblasts and undergo mitosis·····It is widely used to confirm the activity of immune cells in vitro.
4. Antibody
concept
Antibodies are important effector molecules that mediate humoral immunity. They are immunoglobulins (Ig) produced by the immune system under the stimulation of antigens and produced by plasma cells that proliferate and differentiate from B cells or memory cells and can specifically bind to the corresponding antigens. , mainly distributed in serum, also distributed in tissue fluid, exocrine fluid and some cell membrane surfaces.
Globulins with antibody activity or chemical structures similar to antibodies are collectively named immunoglobulins.
Antibody structure
Basic structure of antibodies
A Y-shaped monomer composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds.
The H chain determines the Ig type; the L chain determines the Ig type
heavy chain and light chain
Heavy chain (H chain)
μ chain→IgM; γ chain→IgG; α chain→IgA; δ chain→IgD; ε chain→IgE
Light chain (L chain)
The light chain of each type of Ab in the five types of Ab can have a kappa chain or a lambda chain, and there is no difference in the functions of the two types of light chains. Normal human serum immunoglobulin κ:λ is approximately 2:1.
variable and constant regions
Variable area (V area)
Constant region (C region)
hinge area
Antibody auxiliary components
J chain
secretory patch (SP)
hydrolyzed fragments of antibody molecules
Papain hydrolyzate fragment
Pepsin hydrolyzed fragments
Immunoglobulin superfamily
Antibody Diversity and Immunogenicity
Isotype
allotype
unique type
Antibody function
Function of antibody V region
Function of antibody C region
activate complement
Binds to Fc receptors
conditioning effect
ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
Mediates type I hypersensitivity reactions
Crosses the placenta and mucous membranes
Characteristics and functions of various types of antibodies
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
Artificial preparation of antibodies
polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
genetically engineered antibodies
5. Complement system (Cs)
concept
The complement (C) system includes more than 30 components, which are widely present in serum, tissue fluid and cell membrane surfaces. It is a protein response system (Cs) with a precise regulatory mechanism.
Complement is an important component of innate immunity
The composition and biological properties of complement
The components of the complement system
intrinsic components of complement
Proteins that exist in plasma and body fluids and participate in complement activation (components of the three activation pathways)
complement regulatory protein
complement receptor (CR)
Physicochemical properties of complement
Each component is a glycoprotein with different peptide chain structures.
Intrinsic components of complement are unstable to heat: they are inactivated after incubation at 56°C for 30 minutes.
C1 has the largest molecular weight and C3 has the highest content.
complement metabolism
source of complement
Hepatocytes (90%), monocytes/macrophages, keratinocytes…
Regulation of complement biosynthesis
Complement catabolism
complement activation pathway
Sequence: Bypass pathway→MBL pathway→Classic pathway
Classical approach
Lectin pathway
bypass pathway
Regulation of complement activation
Regulatory mechanisms for front-end reactions of the classical pathway
Regulatory mechanism for front-end reactions of the alternative pathway
Adjustment mechanism for MAC
The biological significance of complement
Biological functions of complement
Cytotoxicity
MAC is formed on the target cell membrane, causing an imbalance in the osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell, leading to cell lysis.
conditioning effect
Certain complements bind to corresponding complement receptors on the surface of phagocytes and promote phagocytosis by phagocytes.
Antibodies also have opsonic effects
role of inflammatory mediators
C2a→vasodilation; C3a, C4a, C5a→increased capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction
Clear immune complexes
C3b binds to IC (immune complex) and adheres to red blood cells and platelets at the same time, thereby transporting IC to the liver and spleen to be engulfed and cleared by macrophages. This effect is called immune adhesion
Pathophysiological significance of complement
The main mechanism of the body’s anti-infection defense
Participate in adaptive immune response
Interactions of the complement system with other cascade systems in the blood
The relationship between complement and disease
Hereditary complement deficiency-related diseases
Infectious diseases
inflammatory diseases
6. Cytokines (CK)
concept
Cytokines are a type of small molecule soluble proteins secreted by immune cells and tissue cells that play a mutual regulatory role between cells. They regulate cell growth, differentiation and effects by binding to corresponding receptors, regulate immune responses, and also participate in inflammation under certain conditions. occurrence of various diseases.
Common characteristics of cytokines
Basic Features
Mode of action
autocrine mode
paracrine mode
endocrine approach
Features
Pleiotropy
overlap
Synergy
antagonistic
Classification of cytokines
Interleukin (IL)
Colony stimulating factor (CSF)
Interferon (IFN)
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Growth factors (GF)
Chemokine
Cytokine receptor
Immunological functions of cytokines
Cytokines and clinical
7. leukocyte differentiation antigens and adhesion molecules
8. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
concept
MHC structure and its genetic properties
Classic HLA class I and class II genes
immune function related genes
MHC genetic characteristics
HLA molecules
Distribution of HLA molecules
The structure of HLA molecules and their interaction with antigenic peptides
Function of HLA molecules
HLA and clinical medicine
HLA and organ transplantation
Abnormal expression of HLA molecules and clinical diseases
HLA and disease associations
HLA and paternity testing and forensic science
9. B lymphocytes
10. T lymphocytes
11. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and antigen processing and presentation
APC (antigen presenting cell)
concept
It is a type of cell that can process antigens and present antigen peptides to T cells in the form of antigen peptide-MHC molecule complexes. It plays an important role in the body's immune recognition, immune response and immune regulation.
Classification
Professional APC
concept
Dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B cells constitutively express MHC class II molecules, costimulatory molecules, and adhesion molecules, and have the function of directly uptake, process, and present antigens.
Classification
DC (dendritic cells)
Mononuclear/macrophages
B cells
Part-time APC
Antigen processing and presentation
Classification of antigens presented by APC
exogenous antigen
Antigens from extracellular sources, such as phagocytosed cells, bacteria, or protein antigens
endogenous antigen
Antigens synthesized in cells, such as viral proteins synthesized in virus-infected cells, tumor antigens synthesized in tumor cells, and autoantigens in certain cells.
Pathways for APC processing and presentation of antigens
MHC class I molecule antigen presentation pathway
MHC class II molecule antigen presentation pathway
Non-classical antigen presentation pathways (Cross-presentation pathway of antigens by MHC molecules)
CD1 molecular presentation pathway of lipid antigens