MindMap Gallery Introduction to Natural Medicinal Chemistry
This is a mind map about the introduction to natural medicinal chemistry, including the concepts, chemical components, extraction methods, separation methods, etc. of natural medicines.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
introduction
Natural medicine concept
Drugs derived from nature, including drugs derived from plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms and marine organisms (mainly from plants)
Concepts of natural medicinal chemistry
A discipline that uses modern scientific theories and methods to study the chemical components of natural medicines
chemical composition
Active ingredients
A single compound in natural medicines that has certain biological activity and represents the clinical efficacy of natural medicines
Invalid ingredients
Relative to the active ingredient, other ingredients that coexist with the active ingredient, which are usually not biologically active
bioactive ingredients
Ingredients that have been proven to have certain physiological activity on the body through efficacy tests or biological activity experiments
effective part
When one or several types of chemical components in a traditional Chinese medicine or compound traditional Chinese medicine extract are considered to be active ingredients, they are a mixture of one or several types of components.
Extraction Method
Solvent extraction method
principle
According to the principle of similar miscibility, a solvent with high solubility for active ingredients and low solubility for other ingredients is selected to dissolve the active ingredients from the medicinal material tissue.
polarity of chemical components
Acid>Phenol>Alcohol>Amine>Aldehyde>Ketone>Ester>Ether>Alkene>Alkane
Characteristics of commonly used solvents
Cyclohexane, petroleum ether, benzene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water Polarity: small - large Lipophilicity: large - small Hydrophilicity: small - large
Sublimation method
Certain solid components in traditional Chinese medicine directly become gaseous when heated below their melting point, and then become solid again after cooling, thereby being separated from the tissue of the traditional Chinese medicine. This property is called sublimation, and this extraction method is called Sublimation method.
Other extraction methods
dipping method
Classification
cold soak method
warm soak method
concept
A method in which medicinal materials are soaked in an appropriate solvent for a certain period of time under normal temperature or warm conditions to extract the active ingredients.
Features
Convenient and simple to operate, long extraction time, low efficiency, water extraction is prone to mildew
Percolation method
concept
A dynamic extraction method that puts the coarse powder of medicinal materials in a percolation device, continuously adds solvent to penetrate the medicinal powder, flows from top to bottom, and leaches out the active ingredients.
Commonly used solvents
Water, ethanol, acid or alkali
Decoction
concept
Add water to the medicinal materials, heat and boil, filter to remove residue and take the decoction liquid
Scope of application
Natural medicines whose active ingredients are soluble in water and not easily destroyed by water or heat are not suitable for extracting natural medicines that contain volatile oil components and are easily destroyed by heat. Medicinal materials rich in polysaccharides
Features
Simple operation and more efficient than cold soaking method
Reflux extraction method
Scope of application
Extraction of highly fat-soluble natural medicinal chemical components, such as terpenes, steroids, anthraquinones, etc.; if solvents such as methanol or aqueous ethanol are used, water-soluble compounds can also be extracted with fewer impurities
Features
The extraction efficiency is high, the solvent consumption is large, and the operation is troublesome.
Separation method
Separate based on solubility differences
Precipitation, crystallization
Separate according to different distribution ratios
Liquid extraction, partition chromatography
Separation based on different adsorption properties
adsorption chromatography
Separation based on different levels of understanding of substances
Ion exchange method
Separate molecules based on size
gel filtration
Separate based on boiling point differences
Fractionation