Intrusive rocks (eg. granite)

Extrusive/volcanic rocks (eg. basalt)

Loose accumulations consolidate into rocks, layered structures, animal and plant fossils

Tight texture, large ρ, schistosity

Granite, slate, marble, andesite

limestone,marble

marble, taihu stone

granite

extrusive rock

Sedimentary rock (red sandstone)

metamorphic rock

The anticline is uplifted and the syncline is concave

*The middle part of the anticline is lifted by tension, and the soil is soft and easily eroded. Oil and gas

*Extruded towards the chute, it is solid and not easily eroded. Water

Fold Mountains: Himalayas, Alps, Andes

horst

graben

fault block mountain

ravine, river

rift valley, ocean, ridge (ocean ridge)

Trench, island arc, (coast) mountain range

minerals, geothermal resources

physics, chemistry, biology

Flowing water - canyons, wind - wind erosion pillars, wind erosion mushrooms, waves - sea stacks, sea cliffs, sea caves, glaciers - cirques, knife ridges, horn peaks

The midstream and upstream v↑ has strong handling capacity, while the downstream v↓ has weak handling capacity.

mechanical deposition

chemical deposition

biosedimentation

heat,moisture

The plain is wide and flat

Hilly and mountainous areas have large surface fluctuations and complex natural environment

>7°-Terrace,>25°-Forestry/Nature Reserve

The southern slopes of mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere have more solar radiation than the northern slopes and have better light and heat conditions.

Windward slopes receive more precipitation and have better moisture conditions than leeward slopes.

Urban spatial form & development scale

human activity