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MindMap Gallery Chapter 8 Heritable Variation

Chapter 8 Heritable Variation

Biology Compulsory Course 2 Chapter 8 Heritable variation includes the diversity of variation caused by genetic recombination, and genetic mutation is the fundamental source of biological variation.

Edited at 2023-11-18 15:43:58

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Chapter 8 Heritable Variation

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Outline

Chapter 7 Heritable Variation

Genetic recombination creates diversity of mutations

Free combination of chromosomes can lead to gene recombination

Free combination of non-homologous chromosomes

Time: minus I late period

Application: Cross breeding

Advantages: combines the advantages of various individuals

Disadvantages: time consuming

Chromosome crossover leads to genetic recombination

genetic recombination

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes and crossover of non-sister chromatids

Recombinant type gametes are less than parental type gametes

Similarities and differences between free combination & cross-exchange

All occur in primary spermatocytes/primary oocytes

allele segregation time

When cross swap does not occur

minus I late stage

When a cross swap occurs

minus I late stage

minus II late stage

abnormal situation

XY appears in one sperm at the same time

Homologous chromosomes are not separated in late minus I phase

XX appears in one egg at the same time

Homologous chromosomes are not separated in late minus I phase

Minus II anaphase sister chromatids are not separated

Gene mutation is the fundamental source of biological variation

Gene mutation

Base substitutions, insertions or deletions

Replacement: Relative minimal impact

Features

Reversibility

Multidirectionality

universality

low frequency

Does not necessarily lead to changes in protein structure and function

Different codons may determine the same amino acid

The site where the base is changed may not be in the coding region and has no impact on the translation process.

Genes with changes in base sequence may not be expressed

Many physical, chemical and biological factors can increase the frequency of genetic mutations

physical factors

Ultraviolet light, X-rays, and other high-energy rays can damage DNA structure

chemical factors

Chemical substances such as nitrous acid can induce changes in base structure and cause base mismatches

biological factors

Certain microbial infections and metabolic toxins can also induce genetic mutations

Gene mutations could be exploited by humans

artificial mutation breeding

Advantages: Increase mutation frequency and greatly shorten the breeding cycle

Disadvantages: requires a lot of screening

Chromosomal variations can lead to trait changes

Variations in chromosome number may lead to changes in biological traits

Chromosome

a complete set of nonhomologous chromosomes

diploid

A cell or individual that develops from a fertilized egg and contains 2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

developed from gametes

euploid variation

The number of chromosomes in a cell increases or decreases by an integral multiple of the chromosome group (n)

aneuploidy variant

The number of chromosomes in a cell is not based on the chromosome set based on 2n (n) multiple changes, but adding or subtracting one or several items

Chromosomal structural variations may also lead to changes in biological traits

chromosomal structural variation

Missing

repeat

inversion

Translocation

non-homologous chromosomes

Chromosomal variation has certain application value

haploid breeding

principle

Chromosomal variation

process

Pollen→Pollen culture in vitro→Haploid plants→Colchicine→Homozygous plants

advantage

Greatly shorten the breeding cycle and increase the homozygous rate

polyploid breeding

principle

Chromosomal variation

advantage

Increase crop yields

Human genetic diseases can be detected and prevented

There are many types of human genetic diseases

genetic disease

Genetic diseases caused by genetic mutations or chromosomal changes in cells

pedigree chart

Classification

single gene genetic disease

autosomal dominant inheritance

autosomal recessive inheritance

X-linked dominant inheritance

Female patients > Male patients

If a man is sick, both his mother and daughter are sick

continuous inheritance

X-linked recessive inheritance

Male patients > Female patients

If a woman is sick, both her father and her son will be sick.

skipped generation inheritance

Y-linked inheritance

Inherited from father to son

Judgment skills

Create something out of nothing

Dominant genetic disease

Something out of nothing

recessive genetic disease

polygenic genetic disease

controlled by multiple pairs of alleles

More susceptible to environmental factors

chromosomal disease

Caused by variations in chromosome number or structure

Often many genes are involved

Take proactive steps to detect and prevent genetic diseases

Prohibition of marriage between close relatives

direct blood relative

Without him/her there would be no you

Without you there would be no him/her

Marriage between direct blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations is prohibited

Inbreeding will significantly increase the incidence of single-gene recessive genetic diseases

Promote pre-marital physical examination

Childbearing age

The optimal age for women to have children is 24 to 29 years old

genetic counseling

prenatal diagnosis

B-ultrasound

Detect congenital malformations

Chromosome analysis

chromosomal disease

DNA Testing

Environmental control and human intervention

Class 9, Grade 2 Chen Chen 27