MindMap Gallery Mind map of molecules and cells, a compulsory course for the first year of high school
This is a mind map about molecules and cells, a compulsory course for the first year of high school. It comprehensively summarizes all knowledge points, including cytoplasm, organelles, cell walls, cytoskeleton, etc., except for experiments.
Edited at 2023-11-18 10:53:12This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Division of labor and cooperation between organelles
cytoplasm
cytoplasmic matrix
organelles
organelles
double layer membrane
chloroplast
Distribution: cells in green plants that can perform photosynthesis
Morphology
Double-layer membrane: both inner and outer membranes are smooth
grana
There are photosynthetic pigments and enzymes on the thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid membranes stack up to form granas, increasing the membrane area, and the granules are filled with matrix
Substrate: Enzymes related to photosynthesis, small amounts of DNA, RNA, ribosomes (semi-autonomous organelles)
Function: A place where green plants carry out photosynthesis
Note
Root tip epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts
Organisms that can perform photosynthesis do not necessarily contain chloroplasts, but photosynthesis in eukaryotes must occur in chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Distribution: animal and plant cells
Morphology
double layer membrane
Intima: folds inward to form ridges, which increases the inner surface area and facilitates the attachment of enzymes
Outer membrane: smooth
Substrate: Contains enzymes related to aerobic respiration, a small amount of DNA, RNA, ribosomes
Function: It is the main place for cells to carry out aerobic respiration, power workshop
Note
Cells with strong metabolism have more mitochondria
Organisms that can perform aerobic respiration do not necessarily have mitochondria, such as aerobic bacteria, but aerobic respiration in eukaryotes must mainly occur in mitochondria
single layer film
endoplasmic reticulum
Distribution: animal and plant cells
Structure: single layer membrane, internal cavity connected
category
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: contains ribosomes and is involved in the transport and processing of secreted proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: no ribosomes, related to the synthesis of lipids and sugars "Lipid synthesis workshop"
Function: Synthetic processing site and transport channel for biological macromolecules such as proteins
golgi apparatus
Distribution: animal and plant cells
Structure: single-layer membrane, flat vesicle structure, large and small vesicles
Function
The "workshop" and "sending station" where proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed, sorted, and packaged
Plants: related to plant cell wall formation
Animals: related to the formation of secretions from animal cells
In gland cells with strong secretory function, the more endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus there are
vacuole
Distribution: plant cells
Structure: single-layer membrane with cell fluid inside, containing sugars, inorganic salts, pigments (mainly anthocyanins, which determine the color of flowers and fruits), and proteins, etc.
Function: It can regulate the environment inside cells, and the filled vacuoles can also make plant cells strong.
Note
The meristematic zone between the roots of the plant does not contain a central large vacuole, only the mature zone does
Yeasts and fungi also have vacuoles
The sweet and sour substances of plants mainly exist in the vacuoles of plant cells
lysosome
Distribution: animal cells
Structure: Single-layer membrane, originating from the Golgi apparatus, containing a variety of hydrolases, formed on ribosomes, lysosomes are just storage sites
Function: It is the digestive workshop of cells, decomposes organelles damaged by aging, and engulfs and kills viruses or bacteria that invade cells.
No film
The central body
Distribution: in animal and lower plant cells (algae and lichens)
Structure: No membrane, composed of two centrosomes arranged perpendicularly to each other and surrounding materials. The main component is protein.
Function: related to cell mitosis
Ribosome
Distribution: eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells (the only organelle)
Structure: no membrane, composed of protein and rRNA
Category: Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and some are free in the cytoplasmic matrix
Function: A machine that produces protein must be a place where protein is synthesized
Note The large and small subunits are formed in the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm for assembly.
cell wall
Made of cellulose and pectin, which provide support and protection
Cytoskeleton
A network structure composed of protein fibers
effect
To maintain the shape of cells, anchoring supports many organelles
Closely related to cell movement, division and differentiation, material transportation, energy conversion, information transmission and other life activities
coordination between organelles
intracellular protein
Proteins are synthesized in cells and function in cells such as hemoglobin, respiratory enzymes, ATP synthase, hematopoietic stem cells
secreted protein
Synthesized within cells, functions outside cells such as digestive enzymes, antibodies and some hormones
Appears in rough endoplasmic reticulum in 3 minutes
Appears in the Golgi apparatus at 17 minutes
117min Neutralize the vesicles transporting proteins close to the inner side of the cell membrane and release secretions outside the cell
Synthesis and transportation
Ingredients: amino acids
Ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains
Endoplasmic reticulum processes, transports and folds into more mature proteins (with certain spatial structure)
The Golgi apparatus (transportation hub) modifies, processes, sorts, packages, and transports proteins to form more mature proteins
Cell membrane fusion secretes proteins
Energy comes from mitochondria
Note
Participating organelles: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
The area of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane decreases, the area of the cell membrane increases, and the area of the Golgi membrane remains basically unchanged (first becomes larger and then becomes smaller)
biofilm system
organelle membrane, cell membrane, nuclear membrane
effect
It allows cells to have a relatively stable internal environment and plays a decisive role in material transportation, energy conversion and information transmission between cells and the external environment.
Provides attachment sites for a variety of enzymes
By separating organelles, multiple chemical reactions can be carried out at the same time without interfering with each other, ensuring efficient and orderly progress of cell life activities.
Note: Mature red blood cells in mammals do not have a biofilm system; oral mucosa and gastric mucosa are not biofilm systems.