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MindMap Gallery Simple version of mind map of heart pumping function

Simple version of mind map of heart pumping function

This is a simplified mind map about the heart's pumping function, including the heart's pumping process and mechanism, cardiac output, and reserves of the heart's pumping function.

Edited at 2023-11-17 13:06:20

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Simple version of mind map of heart pumping function

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Outline

heart pumping function

Heart pumping process and mechanism

cardiac cycle

Ventricular diastole and ventricular systole (0.8s in total)

Systole period: 0.1s

Diastolic period: 0.7s

heart pumping process

atrial systole

ventricular systole

isovolumetric contraction phase

rapid ejection period

slow down ejection phase

ventricular diastole

isovolumetric diastole

rapid filling period

slow down filling phase

Cardiac output and cardiac pumping reserve

Stroke volume - the amount of blood ejected by one heart chamber from one ventricle Amount, about 70ml, V Shumo-V Shumo

Output per minute - the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle per minute, x per stroke heart rate

Ejection fraction - Stroke volume as a percentage of V, stroke volume V/ Shu Mo 100%

Abnormal enlargement of the ventricles

Cardiac index - cardiac output calculated per unit body surface area, cardiac output /S

Evaluation does not require individual cardiac function

Cardiac reserve - the ability of cardiac output to increase in response to the body's metabolic needs

stroke volume reserve

Systolic reserve 35~40ml--by myocardial contractility and ejection fraction ↑

Diastolic reserve 15ml--byV Shumoge

Heart rate reserve (main)

Factors affecting cardiac output

Ventricular myocardial preload and myocardial heterolength autoregulation

ventricular muscle preload

Venous blood return to the heart (main)

ventricular filling time

venous return velocity

ventricular diastolic function

ventricular compliance

Ease of deformation

intrapericardial pressure

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

Abnormal myocardial autoregulation

Significance: Fine adjustment of small changes in stroke volume

Regulation of changes in myocardial contractility caused by changes in myocardial initial length

cardiac function curve

Rule: Preload (initial length) increases, myocardial contractility increases Increased stroke volume and increased stroke work

No obvious descending branch-ventricular muscle has strong anti-overextension properties-myocardium intranodal connexin

ventricular contraction afterload

That is, aortic blood pressure, aortic blood pressure ⬇️, is conducive to ventricular ejection

ventricular contractility

Myocardial contractility-myocardial muscle changes independently of preload and afterload The inherent characteristics of its mechanical activity (strength and speed of contraction)

Isometric adjustment

Mechanism: Nervous and humoral regulation

Regulation of cardiac pumping function by changing myocardial contractility

Influencing factors

Number of activated cross-bridges

Intracytoplasmic Ca2 concentration--catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Troponin to Ca2 - calcium sensitizer (tea carbon)

ATPase activity of myosin head - - thyroxine

heart rate

Adult: 60-100 times/min, average: 75 times/min

and stroke volume

Within a certain range (40-160 beats/min), heart rate ⬆️, stroke volume per minute ⬆️

<40 beats/min- -ventricular diastole⬆️

>160-180 beats/min- - ventricular diastole⬇️, diastolic filling volume⬇️, cardiac output⬇️

adjust

Neuromodulation: sympathetic, vagal-

Humoral regulation: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone

Body temperature: 12-18/1°C

Cardiac function evaluation

Evaluating cardiac function from changes in ventricular pressure

Assessment of cardiac ejection function

stroke volume

ejection fraction

Stroke work

cardiac output

heart index

Ventricular diastolic function evaluation

Evaluating cardiac function from changes in ventricular volume

Ventricular systolic function assessment

Ventricular diastolic function evaluation

Evaluation of cardiac function from changes in ventricular pressure and volume

Measurement of cardiac work capacity

Application of ventricular pressure-volume loop to evaluate cardiac function

heart sounds

During the cardiac cycle, the contraction of the myocardium, the opening and closing of the membrane, the turbulence caused by changes in blood flow velocity, and the vibration caused by the impact of the blood flow on the ventricular wall and aortic wall can be heard with a stethoscope in certain parts of the chest and are called heart sounds.

first heart sound

Marks the onset of ventricular contraction

Hear it best at the apex beat

High pitch for a long time

second heart sound

Marks the beginning of ventricular diastole

It is most clearly seen between the ribs on the right and left sides of the sternum.

High frequency, short time

third heart sound

Before the rapid filling period, some healthy children and young people can hear

fourth heart sound

late ventricular diastole