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MindMap Gallery Mind map of the structure and function of nucleic acids

Mind map of the structure and function of nucleic acids

This is a mind map about the structure and function of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are biological macromolecules whose basic building blocks have complex spatial structures and important biological functions.

Edited at 2023-11-16 17:37:00

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Mind map of the structure and function of nucleic acids

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Outline

Structure and function of nucleic acids

Physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid molecular size

DNA

Eukaryotes are large, prokaryotes are small

RNA

Generally small and uneven in size

settling behavior

Nucleic acid molecules of different sizes have very different sedimentation rates

Ultracentrifugation

Solubility and Viscosity

Nucleic acid molecules have strong UV absorption

conjugated double bonds of bases

260nm

application

DNA/RNA quantitative analysis

Determine the purity of nucleic acid samples

Denaturation, renaturation and hybridization

transsexual

definition

Under the action of certain physical and chemical factors, the higher-order structure of nucleic acids is destroyed, resulting in changes in their physical and chemical properties and biological functions.

Nature

Hydrogen bonds and base stacking forces are destroyed, but the primary structure does not change.

Influencing factors

physics

Heating, stirring, ultrasonic, radiation

Chemical

Strong acid, strong alkali, urea, organic solvent

feature

Enhanced light absorption

Color enhancement effect

When DNA is denatured, the OD260 of its solution increases

melting curve

Solubility and viscosity reduced

Easily digested by nucleases

inactivate

DNA renaturation

definition

When the denaturing conditions are slowly removed, the two dissociated complementary strands can re-pair and restore their original structure, physical and chemical properties and biological activity.

subtractive color effect

When DNA is renatured, the OD260 of its solution decreases.

annealing

Thermal denatured DNA can be renatured after slow cooling

Nucleic acid molecule hybridization

definition

The process in which denatured nucleic acids from different sources form complementary double strands according to the principle of complementary base pairing during renaturation.

application

in situ hybridization

Study the location of a gene in a DNA molecule

Identify sequence similarities between two nucleic acid molecules

Detect whether certain specific sequences are present in the test sample

chip gene technology

Classification

Southern hybridization-DNA hybridization

Northern hybridization-RNA hybridization

Western hybridization-protein hybridization

RNA spatial structure and function

Linear macromolecules with 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds

Directionality

5’→3’

Structural features

Many types and diverse structures

Smaller than DNA molecules

Mostly single chain, with local card issuance structure

basic structural unit

AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP (phosphodiester bond)

Contains more rare bases

Classification

coding RNA

mRNA

Function

The mRNA directs the synthesis of protein amino acid sequence according to its own base sequence.

genetic code table

Features

Versatility

Directionality

continuity

non-overlapping

degeneracy

Swingability

precursor

Nuclear heterogeneous RNA (hnRNA)

Contains introns (non-coding sequences) and exons (coding sequences), and is inactive (prokaryotic mRNA does not need to be processed or modified to be active)

Eukaryotic hnRNA becomes mature mRNA after splicing

structure

(The role of 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail)

Maintains mRNA stability and regulates translation initiation

Transport of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

5’ cap

composition

7-Methylguanine triphosphate nucleoside (m7GpppNm)

Can bind to cap-binding protein (CBP)

Guanylyltransferase is responsible for capping

3’ Poly A (adenosine) tail

polyA binding protein

Poly(A) polymerase is responsible for tailing

effect

Reverse transcription using the structural characteristics of the polyA tail of eukaryotic mRNA

5’ untranslated region (5’-UTR)

3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR)

Coding region (open reading frame ORF)

Determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

non-coding RNA

Constitutive (key factor to ensure the transmission of genetic information)

tRNA

Function

Amino acid carriers in protein synthesis

Features

stability

Contains a variety of rare bases

structure

Secondary Structure-Clover Shape

The 3’ end of tRNA ends with CCA and is covalently linked to an amino acid

Different tRNAs can bind different amino acids

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes specific binding

The anticodon on tRNA recognizes the codon on mRNA according to the principle of base complementarity.

Tertiary Structure - Inverted "L"

rRNA

Function

Ribosomes composed of rRNA are the site of protein synthesis

The most abundant RNA in cells (>80%)

Limited variety

structure

Secondary structure-flower shape

Ribozyme - catalyze small RNA

snRNA (small nuclear RNA)

Responsible for the processing, cutting and transport of hnRNA

snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA)

Participate in the processing and modification of rRNA

scRNA (small cytoplasmic RNA)

Guide proteins containing signal peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for synthesis

Regulatory (involved in the regulation of gene expression)

IncRNA

miRNA

circRNA

as a miRNA sponge

Bind to protein

translated into protein

siRNA

piRNA

The spatial structure and function of DNA

structure

The secondary structure of DNA is a double helix

Research Background

Chargaff rules

The base composition of DNA is species-specific

DNA base composition remains unchanged

A G=C G

A=T，G=C

DNA base composition is not tissue or organ specific

DNA X-ray diffraction analysis results

Data on the chemical structure of nucleic acids and nucleotides

Structural features

Antiparallel double strands, right-handed helix (major and minor grooves alternate on the surface)

Diameter 2.37nm, pitch 3.4nm, 10 base pairs per turn

The hydrophilic deoxyribose and phosphate group backbone are located on the outside of the double helix structure, and the hydrophobic bases are located on the inside.

complementary base pairs

AT has two hydrogen bonds and CG has three hydrogen bonds.

The base pair plane is perpendicular to the helix axis

Hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds maintain its stability

The overlapping of two base pairs creates a base stacking force

significance

Revealed the molecular mechanism of genetic information replication and transmission

semi-preservative copy

definition

In the DNA of the daughter cells, one single strand is completely inherited from the parent, and the other strand is completely resynthesized. The DNA of the two daughter cells has the same base sequence as the parent DNA.

ushered in a new era of molecular biology

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR technology)

Diversity

right hand spiral

Type A

Type B

left-handed spiral

Z type

DNA double strands are coiled and folded to form a higher-order structure

The highly ordered and dense structure of eukaryotic DNA

DNA chromatin exhibits a bead-like structure under an electron microscope

basic unit of chromosome

nucleosome

Composition

DNA

About 200bp

Histones

linker histones

nucleosomal histones

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Formation

The 150bp DNA double strand coils about 1.75 times on the nucleosome histone to form the core particle.

The connecting region between core particles consists of 60bp DNA and H1

folding process

The first level of folding forms nucleosomes

DNA length compressed 6 to 7 times

The second fold forms a hollow spiral tube

6 nucleosomes per turn, H1 is on the inside

DNA length is compressed 40 to 60 times

The third fold forms a supercoiled tube

Superhelical structure

The DNA double helix is then coiled to form

Classification

positive supercoil

Coils in the same direction as the DNA double helix

negative supercoil

The coiling direction is opposite to the direction of the DNA double helix

Prokaryotic DNA circular supercoils

negative supercoil

DNA length compressed 40 times

The fourth fold forms chromosomes

Function

DNA is the material basis of genetic information

A gene is a specific segment of a DNA molecule

The order of nucleotides determines the function of a gene

The primary structure of nucleic acids is the sequence of nucleotides

primary structure of DNA

The order of the deoxynucleotides that make up the DNA chain

key

3’, 5’ phosphodiester bond

main chain

alternating phosphate groups pentose sugar

side chain

base

end

5’ and 3’ ends

Writing method

How to express the size of nucleic acid molecules

Single chain: nt

Double stranded: bp

Double strand length >1000: kb

Small nucleic acid fragments (<50bp): oligonucleotides

Definition of nucleic acid

Nucleotides are biological macromolecules whose basic building blocks have complex spatial structures and important biological functions.

Classification of nucleic acids

DNA

distributed

More than 90% is distributed in the nucleus

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasmids

effect

Carry genetic information and determine genotype

RNA

distributed

Nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria

effect

Participate in the expression of DNA genetic information

Certain viral RNAs can also serve as carriers of genetic information

Biological functions of nucleic acids

The material basis of genetic variation

transmitter of biological genetic information

Definition of genes

A specific segment of DNA that contains the information needed to synthesize a functional molecule

Generates the entire nucleotide sequence of a polypeptide chain or functional RNA

biological regulation

microRNA

lncRNA

circRNA

Some have enzymatic activity

ribozyme

chemical composition of nucleic acids

element

C, H, O, N, P (stable content)

A small amount of inorganic salt ions: Na, K, Mg, Mn, etc.

molecular

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids

composition

Phosphoric acid

Nucleosides (deoxynucleosides)

composition

Pentose

Ribose

Deoxyribose

base

Purine

pyrimidine

T (only in DNA)

U (in RNA only)

form

Glycosidic bond (1*C of pentose sugar)

nucleoside

AR, GR, CR, UR

deoxynucleoside

dAR, dGR, dCR, dTR

form

Phosphate bond (5*C connecting pentose) → hydroxyl group of pentose phosphate

Free nucleotides in the body

polyphosphate nucleotides

NDP,NTP

Cyclic nucleotides (second messengers)

cAMP, cGMP

bioactive substances

NAD, NADP, FAD, etc. all contain AMP

Nucleic acids are polynucleotide chains formed by 3’, 5’ phosphodiester bonds.

Directionality: 5’→3’