In 3500 BC, several small countries began to appear; around 3100 BC, unification was initially achieved; in 525 BC, it was annexed by the Persian Empire.

Located in the northeastern corner of Africa, the Nile River runs through Egypt from north to south.

During the reign of Thutmose III, Egypt became a powerful military empire

Pharaoh is the supreme ruler of the country and is considered the "Son of God" in religion.

The solar calendar, hieroglyphics (one of the earliest writings), astronomy, mathematics, and medical achievements are the most prominent, and architectural achievements: the pyramids

Social conflicts intensified and royal power was challenged

Starting from 3500 BC, some small countries centered on cities appeared in the south. In the 24th century BC, the two river basins achieved preliminary unification. In the 18th century BC, the entire two river basins were unified.

The Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Western Asia, the two river basins are also called "Mesopotamia"

The sixth king Hammurabi completed the unification

Implement an autocratic monarchy system, strengthen centralization of power, and build water conservancy projects

Established the Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi, cuneiform

During the reign of Hammurabi, the ancient Babylonian Kingdom was at its most powerful.

In 1500 BC, the Aryans invaded India and many small countries appeared.

Indus River, present-day South Asian subcontinent

Maurya rule

During the rule of the Maurya Dynasty, India was basically unified, and its capital, Fahrenheit, was one of the most prosperous and populous cities in the world at that time.

Caste System

Buddhism