MindMap Gallery Chapter 3 Personality, Self and Socialization
This is a mind map about personality, self and socialization, including environment and personality, self and self-awareness, socialization and social roles, etc. Hope this helps!
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Chapter 3: Personality, Self and Socialization
Section 1: Environment and Personality
natural and social environment
(1) The influence of natural environment and social and cultural environment
1. The meaning of situation: the individual in the environment (perception and definition of) its (environment) . objectivity subjectivity
2. "Man creates the environment, and the environment also creates the man." - Marx
3. The difference between rural society and urban society. (p83)
(2) Cultural type and personality traits
1. To a certain extent, cultural types classify cultures based on the characteristics of the general environment. The closest meaning to cultural ecology → cultural materialism.
Anthropology: culture, ethnic groups, customs, etc.
Psychology: Heredity, motivation, emotional cognition and self, etc.
2. Recommended books:
Anthropology: Malinlovsky's "Sex and Repression in Savage Society"
Psychology: Freud's "Totem and Taboo"
Nationality: Benedict's "The Chrysanthemum and the Knife"
3. Definition of personality: The traits, tendencies or characteristic patterns in the human body that make people's behavior more stable and relatively durable. Inherited, acquired
(3) Personality theory and personality measurement
1. Personality theory: Emphasizing the influence of biological factors on human behavior, collectively called biological theory, also known as instinct theory The influence of instinct and genetics on human behavior. imprinting phenomenon
2. Jung and Freud: Collective Unconscious
3. Learning theory
meaning
Learning theory emphasizes the impact of experience on behavior. It is believed that individuals will learn a certain behavior in any situation, And after repeated learning, it becomes a habit. When similar situations occur again in the future, the individual will respond in the usual way.
Three mechanisms of learning
Association: Food association.
Reinforcement: rewards and punishments that follow a behavior.
Imitation: Children's learning.
Learning theory and characteristics of humanism
First, learning theory emphasizes the impact of past experience on individual behavior.
Second, learning theories tend to attribute the causes of behavior to the external environment; And ignore personal subjective feelings about the environment.
Finally, learning theories often explain only apparent behavior rather than subjective mental states.
Humanism: Focus on the existence, value and social significance of individuals. We hope to tap into human potential and positive, healthy and upward psychological motivations through individuals themselves.
4. Personality measurement
big five personality
openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
neurotic
(4) Several discussions on Chinese character
Mr. Yang Guoshu proposed that the social orientation of the Chinese includes four secondary orientations:
relationship orientation
authority orientation
family orientation
other orientation
Section 2: Self and self-awareness
1. Self-related concepts
Children's consciousness begins to appear approximately 3 months after birth Self-awareness emerges approximately 15 months after birth
What the self wants to express is how one is aware of and develops the ability to anticipate and control one's own behavior
Illustration
The mental template by which we organize the world in which we live.
Self-schema: A set of self-beliefs used to organize and guide information about yourself, that is, your understanding of yourself.
The construction of individual self-concept
infer oneself from one's own actions;
extrapolate oneself from the behavioral responses of others;
Make inferences about yourself through social comparisons.
possible self
2. Self-awareness
Self-awareness: refers to the psychological state when an individual regards himself as the object of attention.
When we focus on ourselves, we align ourselves with our inner standards and values To evaluate and compare your current behavior.
When we focus on ourselves, we evaluate and compare our current behavior against our own internal standards and values. Buss divides self-perception into: internal self-perception and public self-perception.
I care too much about the sounds outside, Can produce low self-esteem. self-esteem
3. Self-esteem
Self-esteem is the emotion-related content of a person's self-concept. It refers to how a person affirms and praises himself, which is an important dimension of self-evaluation.
Self-esteem is the emotion-related inner self-concept of a person. -﹣In the view of psychologists, having self-esteem is an important sign of personality maturity.
4. Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in one's ability to complete a specific task - Bandura
The self can be divided into the subjective self (innate) and the objective self (social interaction). The latter is the evaluation and supervision of the former. - George. mead
James's biological self, psychological self and social self, and Cooley's "mirror self"
5. How to have self-esteem
First, let individuals have successful experience in controlling their own environment.
The second is to let others have a positive evaluation of themselves
How to debug emotions
Summary: Learn to serve yourself
Use self-handicapping strategies
Learn to compare downwards
Engage in activities you are good at
Section 4: Socialization and social roles
1. Masks, roles and interactions
George Mead "Symbolic Interactionism"
2. Status, norms and expectations
Adapting to role conflict subcultures
3. Role theory
structural role theory
Role is a dynamic manifestation of status, and social role is social position. Social structure is the distribution of social locations.
Social position can be divided into two categories: category parameters and hierarchical parameters, And this differentiation creates social heterogeneity and inequality.
类别参数
性别
民族
职业
住所
等级参数
教育
声望
财富
权力
年龄
role process theory
The subjective self and the objective self (James & Mead) evolved into symbolic interactionism.
The process of character formation: Society precedes the individual, and the individual needs to gradually Separate an externalized self to adapt to this society, As a result, this conformity is externalized into a social role that meets the expectations of others.
role performance theory
Garfinkel's Everyday Methodology and Goffman's Theater Theory
Society is a real society established by individuals without historical background through real interactions. There are stable norms and structures external to the individual. (Weber, Schutz & Goffman)
The role and status in the middle are only used by interactors when interacting. A meaningful symbol or mask. Sociologists can only understand the actors’ subjective consciousness, common settings, Only by modifying impressions can we understand society.
Disadvantages of the Three Roles Theory
Structural role theory sees society as too orderly; So much so that individual behavior is viewed as a corresponding mechanical response;
Role process theory regards individuals playing roles as conforming to the expectations of others. The results only hint at the social adaptation side of the individual;
The role performance theory, which takes the subjectivity of the role as its starting point, completely returns society to individual consciousness. , self or performance strategy, thus ignoring the social system’s impact on the individual beyond the individual. human constraints.
4. Favor and face
de-role theory
"De-roleization" theory: The purpose of personal relationships is to break the expectations and norms in the role sense. Leading relationships between people in an emotional, rewarding and long-lasting direction.
Chinese social behavior: a relational perspective
Understanding Chinese people's face, favors and "guanxi" cannot The Chinese society is divorced from the Chinese cultural background. question
The meaning of "relationship" focuses on kinship, geographical proximity and certain A description of an organizational method (circle of friends).
Face and favor, which are generated in the relationship network, contribute to each other.
If a person gains face, it is usually shared by the social network in which he or she lives.
Section 3: Individual Socialization
1. Elements of socialization
Social meaning:
The growth of an individual and the role played by the environment or others, It is the process of transforming a natural person into a social person.
elements
family
School
companion
Profession
media
social and cultural environment
2. Processes and types of socialization
As society changes, individuals adapt and reproduce, I will constantly adjust myself and my role and learn new things.
The central issue in the socialization process is the issue of identity. (Erickson)
The formation of individual values and attitudes is important to their growth.
3. Variations in socialization
Insufficient, excessive or failed socialization
resocialization
Such as drug rehabilitation centers, prisons or special schools, etc.
reverse socialization
Cultural feedback
antisocialization
revolutionary ideas
4. Tradition and modernity: changes in socialization models
Sociologist Parsons proposed five variables of social behavior patterns
Tradition
Emotional
collective orientation
particularism
predisposed
Diffusion
modern
Emotionally neutral
self-orientation
universalism
Acquisition
specificity
guide, regulate, judge
social influencer