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MindMap Gallery heart pumping function

heart pumping function

This is a mind map about the pumping function of the heart, including the pumping process and mechanism of the heart, cardiac output and the reserve of the heart's pumping function, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-11 19:34:18

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heart pumping function

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Outline

Heart pumping function mind map
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heart pumping function

Heart pumping process and mechanism

cardiac cycle

A cycle of mechanical activity consisting of one contraction and relaxation of the heart is called the cardiac cycle

Divided into systole and diastole

The length of the cardiac cycle is inversely related to heart rate

heart pumping process

atrial systole

Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens Ventricular volume continues to increase to maximum Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Mild increase in intraatrial and intraventricular pressure

ventricular systole

isovolumetric contraction phase

Both semilunar and atrioventricular valves are closed Ventricular volume remains unchanged blood stored in ventricles Intraventricular pressure is higher than intraatrial pressure but lower than arterial pressure

ejection phase

rapid ejection period

Semilunar valve opens, atrioventricular valve closes rapid decrease in ventricular volume Blood flows from the ventricles to the arteries Intraventricular pressure reaches its peak and is higher than arterial pressure

slow down ejection phase

Semilunar valve opens, atrioventricular valve closes Ventricular volume is reduced to a minimum Blood flows from the ventricles to the arteries Intraventricular and arterial pressure gradually decrease

ventricular diastole

isovolumetric diastole

Both semilunar and atrioventricular valves are closed Ventricular volume remains unchanged blood stored in atrium Indoor pressure drops but is higher than intraatrial pressure

filling period

rapid filling period

Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens rapid increase in ventricular volume Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Significantly lower indoor pressure

slow down filling phase

Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens Ventricular volume continues to increase Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Interventricular pressure gradient gradually decreases

The role of the atria in the heart's pumping of blood

primary pumping action of the atria

Changes in intraatrial pressure during the cardiac cycle

Cardiac output and heart pumping reserve

Stroke volume and output per minute

Stroke volume and ejection fraction

The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one heart beat In a quiet state, normal adults take 60-80ml once Ejection fraction: Stroke volume as a percentage of ventricular end-diastolic volume

Minute output and cardiac index

The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle per minute Stroke volume = stroke volume x heart rate Cardiac output is the most basic indicator for evaluating heart pumping function. Cardiac index: cardiac output calculated per unit body surface area

heart pumping reserve

stroke volume reserve

The difference between ventricular end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume

heart rate reserve

The resting heart rate of a normal healthy adult is 60-100 beats/min.

Factors affecting cardiac output

ventricular muscle preload

Myocardial heterologous autoregulation

Regulation of changes in myocardial contractility by changing the initial length of the myocardium Significance: Finely adjust small changes in stroke volume to maintain a balance between ventricular ejection volume and venous return blood volume, thereby maintaining ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure within the normal range.

Influencing factors

venous blood return volume

ventricular filling time, venous return velocity Ventricular diastolic function, cardiac compliance, pericardial intracavity pressure

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

ventricular contraction afterload

Increased afterload - prolonged isovolumetric contraction period, decreased myocardial contraction velocity - shortened ejection period, slowed ejection velocity - decreased stroke volume - increased residual ventricular blood volume - self-regulation of myocardial abnormality - -Stroke volume returns to normal

myocardial contractility

The intrinsic properties of the myocardium that do not depend on preload and afterload and can change its mechanical activity become myocardial contractility. Regulation of the heart's pumping function by changing the ability of the myocardium to contract, called isometric regulation

heart rate

Normal adult quiet state 60-100 times/minute >160-180 beats/min, ventricular diastole is shortened, stroke volume is significantly reduced, and cardiac output is reduced. <40 beats/min, ventricular diastole is too long, ventricular filling is close to maximum, and cardiac output is reduced

Cardiac function evaluation

ventricular pressure changes

Assessment of cardiac ejection function

Calculate stroke volume, ejection fraction, stroke work, and cardiac output respectively, and cardiac index can evaluate ventricular ejection function

Ventricular diastolic function evaluation

Calculate the first derivative of the ventricular diastolic pressure curve, and the resulting ventricular pressure diastolic pressure change rate curve can be used as an indicator

ventricular volume changes

Ventricular systolic function assessment

Mainly include left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume Left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening

Ventricular diastolic function evaluation

Ventricular pressure and volume changes

Measurement of cardiac work capacity

Stroke work

Refers to the external work done by the ventricle for one contraction and ejection of blood, that is, the mechanical external work of the ventricle for one heartbeat.

Every share of work

Refers to the work done by the ventricle to contract and eject blood per minute, that is, the mechanical external work of the ventricle to complete the output per minute.

Application of ventricular pressure-volume loop to evaluate cardiac function

heart sounds

first heart sound

Marks the onset of ventricular contraction

second heart sound

Marks the beginning of ventricular diastole

third heart sound

Occurs at the end of rapid filling period

fourth heart sound

Occurs in late ventricular diastole