MindMap Gallery heart pumping function
This is a mind map about the pumping function of the heart, including the pumping process and mechanism of the heart, cardiac output and the reserve of the heart's pumping function, etc.
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This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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heart pumping function
Heart pumping process and mechanism
cardiac cycle
A cycle of mechanical activity consisting of one contraction and relaxation of the heart is called the cardiac cycle
Divided into systole and diastole
The length of the cardiac cycle is inversely related to heart rate
heart pumping process
atrial systole
Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens Ventricular volume continues to increase to maximum Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Mild increase in intraatrial and intraventricular pressure
ventricular systole
isovolumetric contraction phase
Both semilunar and atrioventricular valves are closed Ventricular volume remains unchanged blood stored in ventricles Intraventricular pressure is higher than intraatrial pressure but lower than arterial pressure
ejection phase
rapid ejection period
Semilunar valve opens, atrioventricular valve closes rapid decrease in ventricular volume Blood flows from the ventricles to the arteries Intraventricular pressure reaches its peak and is higher than arterial pressure
slow down ejection phase
Semilunar valve opens, atrioventricular valve closes Ventricular volume is reduced to a minimum Blood flows from the ventricles to the arteries Intraventricular and arterial pressure gradually decrease
ventricular diastole
isovolumetric diastole
Both semilunar and atrioventricular valves are closed Ventricular volume remains unchanged blood stored in atrium Indoor pressure drops but is higher than intraatrial pressure
filling period
rapid filling period
Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens rapid increase in ventricular volume Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Significantly lower indoor pressure
slow down filling phase
Semilunar valve closes, atrioventricular valve opens Ventricular volume continues to increase Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles Interventricular pressure gradient gradually decreases
The role of the atria in the heart's pumping of blood
primary pumping action of the atria
Changes in intraatrial pressure during the cardiac cycle
Cardiac output and heart pumping reserve
Stroke volume and output per minute
Stroke volume and ejection fraction
The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one heart beat In a quiet state, normal adults take 60-80ml once Ejection fraction: Stroke volume as a percentage of ventricular end-diastolic volume
Minute output and cardiac index
The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle per minute Stroke volume = stroke volume x heart rate Cardiac output is the most basic indicator for evaluating heart pumping function. Cardiac index: cardiac output calculated per unit body surface area
heart pumping reserve
stroke volume reserve
The difference between ventricular end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume
heart rate reserve
The resting heart rate of a normal healthy adult is 60-100 beats/min.
Factors affecting cardiac output
ventricular muscle preload
Myocardial heterologous autoregulation
Regulation of changes in myocardial contractility by changing the initial length of the myocardium Significance: Finely adjust small changes in stroke volume to maintain a balance between ventricular ejection volume and venous return blood volume, thereby maintaining ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure within the normal range.
Influencing factors
venous blood return volume
ventricular filling time, venous return velocity Ventricular diastolic function, cardiac compliance, pericardial intracavity pressure
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection
ventricular contraction afterload
Increased afterload - prolonged isovolumetric contraction period, decreased myocardial contraction velocity - shortened ejection period, slowed ejection velocity - decreased stroke volume - increased residual ventricular blood volume - self-regulation of myocardial abnormality - -Stroke volume returns to normal
myocardial contractility
The intrinsic properties of the myocardium that do not depend on preload and afterload and can change its mechanical activity become myocardial contractility. Regulation of the heart's pumping function by changing the ability of the myocardium to contract, called isometric regulation
heart rate
Normal adult quiet state 60-100 times/minute >160-180 beats/min, ventricular diastole is shortened, stroke volume is significantly reduced, and cardiac output is reduced. <40 beats/min, ventricular diastole is too long, ventricular filling is close to maximum, and cardiac output is reduced
Cardiac function evaluation
ventricular pressure changes
Assessment of cardiac ejection function
Calculate stroke volume, ejection fraction, stroke work, and cardiac output respectively, and cardiac index can evaluate ventricular ejection function
Ventricular diastolic function evaluation
Calculate the first derivative of the ventricular diastolic pressure curve, and the resulting ventricular pressure diastolic pressure change rate curve can be used as an indicator
ventricular volume changes
Ventricular systolic function assessment
Mainly include left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume Left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening
Ventricular diastolic function evaluation
Ventricular pressure and volume changes
Measurement of cardiac work capacity
Stroke work
Refers to the external work done by the ventricle for one contraction and ejection of blood, that is, the mechanical external work of the ventricle for one heartbeat.
Every share of work
Refers to the work done by the ventricle to contract and eject blood per minute, that is, the mechanical external work of the ventricle to complete the output per minute.
Application of ventricular pressure-volume loop to evaluate cardiac function
heart sounds
first heart sound
Marks the onset of ventricular contraction
second heart sound
Marks the beginning of ventricular diastole
third heart sound
Occurs at the end of rapid filling period
fourth heart sound
Occurs in late ventricular diastole