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MindMap Gallery Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Body Fluids

Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Body Fluids

The mind map of body fluids about physiology includes an introduction to the composition of body fluids, the body's internal environment and its homeostasis, neural regulation, humoral regulation, neuro-humoral regulation, autoregulation, positive and negative feedback, and feedforward.

Edited at 2023-11-11 11:00:29

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Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Body Fluids

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Outline

Chapter One Introduction

1. Body fluids

Intracellular fluid 2/3 (40%)

Extracellular fluid 1/3 (20%)

Plasma 3/4,15%

Tissue fluid 1/4,5%

Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid

2. Separation and mutual communication of body fluids

Plasma goes everywhere

3. Internal environment and homeostasis of the body

(1) Internal environment

Definition: direct contact to survive

Non-internal environment: gastric juice, intestinal juice, sweat, urine, bladder

(2) Steady state

Physical and chemical properties

Temperature (37℃)

Low heat 37.3-38℃

Medium heat 38-39℃

High fever >39℃

PH(7.35-7.45)

Osmotic pressure (280-310)

Various liquid ingredients

Sodium ion (135-155mmol/L)

Potassium ion (3.5-5.5mmol/L)

(3) Self-regulation to maintain homeostasis

Plasma/RBC buffer pair: NaHco3/Hco3

pulmonary ventilation

Lungs

Pco2¯

H2co3¯

lung

Pco2

H2co3

renal reabsorption

bicarbonate reabsorption

secreted hydrogen ions

Proximal tubule (main)

Sodium-hydrogen exchange (reverse transport)

proton pump

Runocytes on collecting ducts (minor)

hydrogen pump

potassium hydrogen pump

Secretion of ammonia gas (base)/ammonium ion (acid)

(4) Adjustment characteristics: setting point (negative feedback), average of normal values of physiological indicators

(5) The meaning of homeostasis: it is a necessary condition for maintaining life activities

Example: Potassium ion (3.5-5.5mmol/L)

<3.5mmol/L: arrhythmia

>5.5mmol/L

5.5-6.5: Arrhythmia

>6.5: cardiac arrest

4. Regulation of physiological functions of the body

(1) Neuromodulation

1. Basic form: reflex arc

stretch reflex

Stimulation: elongation

Receptor: Change in muscle spindle length

Afferent N: Type Ia/II fibers

Center: motor center in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Efferent N:Aα fibers

Effector: skeletal muscle contraction

2. Features: Fast, accurate and ruthless

3.Form:

(1) Unconditioned reflex: Innate, eating plums produces fluid (below the cerebral cortex)

Relatively fixed, low-level, small in quantity

(2) Conditioned reflex: acquired, looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst (cerebral cortex)

More flexible, advanced and large in quantity

4.Examples

(1) Decompression reflex (baroreceptor reflex): short-term regulation of arterial blood pressure

Long-term Regulation: Renal-Humoral Regulation (RAS System)

(2) Pulmonary stretch (Heber) reflex

Pulmonary distension: a reflex that inhibits inspiratory activity when the lungs expand

Collapse of the lung: When the lung collapses, it enhances inspiratory activity or promotes the reflex of converting exhalation into inhalation.

(3) Stretch reflex: muscle tension, tendon reflex

(4) Flexor reflex: withdrawal action

(5) Corneal reflex: eye closing action

(6) Saliva secretion (100% neuromodulation)

Sympathetic nerves: less viscous water

Parasympathetic nerve: thin and watery (Vagus Nerve: Functions during sleep)

Generally speaking, the two antagonize each other, which is a synergistic effect.

(2) Body fluid regulation

1. Definition: body tissue cells, special chemicals, body fluid pathways, target cell receptors, influence

2.Special chemical substances

(1) Hormones (mainly):

T3/T4-nuclear receptor

Fat-soluble substances that can pass through cell membranes

I (insulin): acts on liver cell membrane to lower blood sugar

(2) Interleukins, growth factors (EGF), chemokines (directing white blood cells to the inflammatory site), histamine

(3) Metabolites: CO2\NO\hydrogen ions, adenosine (regulates coronary blood flow)

3. Features: slow, long and wide

4.Form

(1) Main remote (blood) secretion: blood circulation

(2) Parasecretion/local humor regulation: tissue fluid

exocrine department

Acinar cells: trypsin (protease, lipase)

Duct epithelial cells: secretion bicarbonate

Pancreatic juice passes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

Department of Endocrinology

AC(α)-glucagon

BC(β)-insulin

C-somatostatin

(3) Autocrine: acting on itself, tissue fluid

(4) Neuroendocrine: Nerve C (hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus)

ADH/VP/OX, hypothalamic pituitary tract

Released into the bloodstream by the anterior neurohypophysis

(3) Neuro-humoral regulation

for example

1. Cold stimulates T3/T4 secretion

thermoreceptor

Pass in N

Thermoregulatory center hypothalamus

TRH

Adenohypophysis portal system

TSH

thyroid

T3/T4

Thermogenesis

2. Emergency (emergency): Sympathetic N secretes acetylcholine ACh

Adrenal medullary N1R nicotinic receptor

Medulla pheochromocytoma secretes catecholamines (NA/NE norepinephrine, A/E epinephrine

3. Stress

(mainly) hypothalamus

CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone

adenohypophysis

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal cortex

Minor zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoid-aldosterone)

Major zona fasciculata (glucocorticoid-cortisol)

Zona reticularis (sex hormones-estrogens)

4. Cephalic secretion of gastric juice: food stimulation

Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal receptors

Pass in N (vagus)

center

Outgoing (vagus N)

Gastrin

parietal cell

Stomach acid

(4) Self-regulation

1. Features: small

2. Example:

Renal artery perfusion pressure is 70-180mmHg

Renal blood flow remains essentially unchanged

Cerebral artery perfusion pressure is 60-140mmHg

Cerebral blood flow remains essentially unchanged

Cardiac heterologous autoregulation

Frank-Startling mechanism

5. Human body control system

(1) Feedback (closed loop)

1.Definition: control part

control information

controlled part (effector)

reaction

2. Most negative feedback

Contrary to original reaction

Maintain homeostasis (blood sugar regulation)

(1) Features:

There is a set point

Hysteresis

Volatility

(2) Example

xx adjustment, xx stability/state, decompression reflex

3. A few positive feedbacks

Same as the original function, accelerating the snowball reaction of physiological processes

Example

(1) Physiological four rows: urination and defecation (LH peak induced by E2)

(2) 1 coagulation: blood coagulation

(3) Two zymogens

pepsinogen

HCL

Pepsin

trypsinogen

enterokinase

Trypsin

(4) The generation and conduction of AP (the essence is the generation of AP)

Activation of Na channels

depolarization

Na conductance

(2) Feedforward of open loop and reservation

1.Examples

(1) Conditioned reflex: look for plum blossoms to quench thirst, and prepare for a rainy day

(2) Cephalic secretion of gastric juice

(3) Gastric receptive relaxation

(4) Before the race, my heartbeat was already racing even before I heard the gunfire.

(5) Food

Stimulate the small intestine

gastric inhibitory peptide

insulin

(6) Internal medicine and surgery: the vicious circle development process of the disease

(7) Biochemistry: 1-6-glucose-6-phosphate

2. Characteristics: rapidity, predictability, adaptability, possible mistakes (peptic ulcer caused by chewing gum)