MindMap Gallery Project 2 Plant growth and development
It is suitable for secondary vocational students who are studying to enter higher education, students who are studying agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, or planting industry. "Plant Production and Environment" Project 2, summary of knowledge points. Using mind maps to sort out knowledge points can help you remember them more firmly and clearly.
Edited at 2023-11-09 18:14:05This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Primary structure: from outside to inside are epidermis, cortex and stele (vascular column)
Project 2: Plant growth and development
1. Plant cells
1. Overview of plant cells
①, definition of cell
②. Cell shape
③. Cell size
2. Basic structure of plant cells
Protoplast: general term for cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
⒈Cell wall - definition - composition - function - divided into three layers: intercellular layer, primary wall and secondary wall - changes in the secondary wall
⒉Cell membrane: ①Definition-②Function
⒊Nucleus: composed of three parts: nuclear mold, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm - 2. Function
⒋Cytoplasm: The part inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus is collectively called the cytoplasm-②, which is divided into cell matrix and organelles.
⒌After inclusions: They are the products of protoplast metabolism and are inanimate substances in cells.
3. Reproduction of plant cells
⒈, Amitosis (direct division): There are no changes in chromosomes and no appearance of spindle fibers during division.
The production of plant adventitious roots and adventitious buds
Bamboo shoots, wheat node tips growing
Endosperm development and callus formation
⒉ Mitosis (indirect division): spindle fibers appear during the division process
Interphase: replication of DNA molecules and synthesis of related proteins
Prophase: the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, chromatin turns into chromosomes, and spindles appear
Metaphase: The chromosome shape is stable, and the number of centromeres is clear and arranged on the equatorial plate.
Anaphase: The centromere is divided into two, the number of chromosomes is doubled, evenly distributed and moved to the two poles of the cell.
Telophase: nuclear membrane and nucleolus appear, chromosomes turn into chromatin filaments, and spindle disappears
⒊Meiosis (mature division): two consecutive divisions, but the chromosomes are only replicated once. A mother cell undergoes meiosis and can form four daughter cells. Each daughter cell has only half the number of chromosomes of the mother cell. The first division is reductive and the second division is equal.
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
2. Plant organization
(1) Meristem - definition - location - characteristics
⒈, apical meristem
⒉, lateral meristem
⒊, intermediate meristem
(ii) Mature organization (permanent organization)
⒈, protection organization
⑴, epidermis
stomata
Epidermal hair
⑵. Periderm: including cork cambium, cork layer and cork inner layer
⒉, parenchyma (nutritional tissue)
⑴, absorbing tissue
⑵, assimilation organization
⑶, storage tissue
⑷, ventilatory tissue
⒊, mechanical organization
⑴, thick angle tissue
⑵, thick wall tissue
⒋, guiding organization
⑴, ducts and tracheids
⑵, Sieve tubes and companion cells
⒌Secretory structure
⑴. Exocrine structures: glandular trichomes, glandular scales, nectaries, drains
⑵ Endocrine structure: secretory cells, secretory chambers, secretory tracts, and milk ducts
(iii) Tissue system: cortical tissue system, vascular tissue system and basic tissue system
⑴. The epidermis system includes epidermis and periderm
⑵. The vascular system includes xylem and phloem
⑶. The basic system includes parenchyma and mechanical tissue
3. Vegetative organs of plants: roots, stems, and leaves are vegetative organs, and flowers, fruits, and seeds are reproductive organs.
(1) Roots of plants
⒈Roots and root systems
⑴. Root types: Source: main root and lateral root. Location of occurrence: Definite and adventitious roots
⑵, root system
Tap root system
fibrous root system
⒉, the root tip of the plant: from the top, the root tip can be divided into root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone, and mature zone.
⒊The structure of dicotyledonous plant roots
⑴. Primary structure: epidermis, cortex and central column from outside to inside
⑵ Secondary structure: from outside to inside: periderm, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem and rays.
⒋The structure of monocot root: epidermis, cortex, stele
⒌, lateral roots of plants: lateral roots originate from the pericycle and then form lateral root primordia. Agricultural yield-increasing measures such as transplanting, fake planting, cultivating, and fertilizing can promote the occurrence of lateral roots.
⒍Rhizoids and mycorrhizae: Rhizomes and mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures formed by the roots of plants and animals.
⑴. Root nodules: formed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and actinomycetes. Rhizobium is characterized by nitrogen fixation
⑵, mycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhiza
endomycorrhiza
⒎Root functions: ①, support and fixation ②, absorption ③, conduction ④, synthesis ⑤, secretion ⑥, storage ⑦, reproduction
(ii) Plant stems
⒈Shape of stem: Most are cylindrical, but also triangular (sedge), square cylindrical (broad bean), flat (cactus)
Long branches: vegetative growth
Short branches: reproductive growth
⒉Bud: It is an undeveloped branch or the primitive body of flowers and inflorescences.
birth position
Definite buds: divided into terminal buds and axillary buds
Adventitious buds: buds produced from old roots, stem tips, and hypocotyl (sweet potato, black locust), Adventitious buds are often used for vegetative propagation in agriculture, forestry and horticulture production.
Scale-like metamorphic leaf bud scale that protects the outside of the bud
scale bud (bud)
naked buds
When the terminal buds germinate in spring, the traces of the bud scales falling off are bud scale scars. The age of the branches and the growth length of the current year can be identified.
Organs: branch buds, flower buds and mixed buds (apple).
⒊How the stem grows
erect stem (redwood)
Twining stems (bean, honeysuckle, morning glory, wisteria)
Climbing stems: (luffa, cucumber, grape, green bean, ivy, nasturtium) Climbing stems can be: tendrils (loofah), aerial roots (ivy), petioles (nasturtium), Barbs (pig pests), suckers (creepers). Plants with twining and climbing stems are collectively called vines
Stolons (sweet potato, strawberry)
⒋Branching and tillering
branch
Uniaxial branches (racemous branches): poplar, metasequoia, juniper, pine
Synthetic branches: potato, tomato, peach tree, apple
False dichotomous branches: lilac, jasmine, elderberry, dianthus
Tiller: and the branching method of family plants (rice, wheat)
⒌Structure of dicotyledonous plant stems
nascent structure:
Epidermis: The outermost layer of cells on young stems. The epidermal cells are rectangular and tightly arranged without gaps. The outer cell wall is thicker, forming a cuticle, and the epidermis has pores.
Cortex: composed of parenchyma tissue with loosely arranged cells and obvious interstitial spaces, several layers close to the epidermis Cells often differentiate into chlamydia.
Stele: The part within the cortex. The stele of most dicotyledonous plants includes three parts: vascular bundle, pith and medullary rays. The vascular bundle is a separate bundle-like structure composed of primary xylem, intra-bundle cambium and primary phloem.
Secondary structure: from outside to inside, they are periderm (cork layer, cork cambium layer, cork inner layer), cortex, primary phloem, secondary phloem, Cambium, secondary xylem, primary xylem, pith, etc.
⒍The structure of monocot stems: Most stems of grass plants have no secondary structures. The epidermis is often siliceous or covered with wax (sugar cane, sorghum). There is no obvious boundary between the cortex and the stele of the grass stem. The vascular bundles are dispersedly arranged in the stem. Each vascular bundle is composed of phloem and xylem and is not formed. layer.
⒎Function of stem: Physiology: support, conduction, photosynthesis
Economy: ① as wood ② as weaving raw material ③ as textile ④ as chemical raw material ⑤ as food ⑥ as ornamental
(iii) Plant leaves
⒈Leaf composition: blade, petiole, leaf sheath (complete leaves: pear, peach) (incomplete leaves: tea, cabbage)
⒉Leaf shape
⑴Type of leaves
Single leaf: only one leaf
compound leaves
Pinnately compound leaves (rose, locust tree)
Three compound leaves (rubber tree, alfalfa)
Palmately compound leaves (horse chestnut)
Single compound leaves (orange)
⑵Leaf shape
Needle-shaped (pine), linear (rice, leek)
Lanceolate (willow, peach), oval (camphor)
Oval (sunflower), rhombus (rhombus)
Heart-shaped (redbud), kidney-shaped (mallow)
⑶Leaf tip
Acuminate (linden), sharp (buckwheat)
Blunt (Magnolia officinalis), truncate (Liriodendron tulipifera)
With sudden apex (Evodia carata), with short apex (Tree Pheasant)
Emarginal (alfalfa), inverted heart-shaped (sorrel)
⑷Leaf margin
Full edge (privet, magnolia), missing edge (dandelion, sycamore, iron tree)
Wavy (elegans), shriveled (kale), toothed (kiwi)
⑸Pulse sequence
Reticular veins: peach, cotton
Parallel veins: rice, wheat
Forked veins: Ginkgo biloba
⑹Phyllotaxy:
Alternately: aspen, plane tree
Opposite: Ligustrum lucidum, dianthus
Whorls: oleander, lily
Clusters: fern, auspicious grass
⒊The structure of leaves
⑴The structure of dicotyledonous plant leaves: composed of three parts: epidermis, mesophyll, and veins
Epidermis: A layer of tightly packed living cells with no intercellular spaces.
Mesophyll: composed of parenchyma cells rich in chloroplasts, divided into palisade tissue and spongy tissue
Leaf veins: The vascular bundles in leaves include xylem, phloem and cambium.
⑵The structure of grass plant leaves: epidermis, mesophyll, and veins
Epidermis: The cells are rectangular when viewed from the front, and the outer wall cutin contains silicon, so the leaves are relatively hard and upright.
Mesophyll: There is no differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue, it is an isofacial leaf.
Leaf veins: composed of xylem, phloem and vascular bundle sheath.
⒋Function of leaves
Physiology: photosynthesis and transpiration, absorption and reproduction
Economy: edible, medicinal, industrial raw materials, production of fertilizers, feed, and beverages.
(IV) Metamorphosis of plant vegetative organs
⒈The metamorphosis of roots
storage root
Fleshy taproots: radish, carrot, beet
Root: banyan tree
aerial roots
Pillar Root: Corn
Climbing roots: banyan tree
parasitic root
Cuscuta
Letang
⒉Metamorphosis of stem
Aboveground stem metamorphosis
Stem Thorn: Hawthorn
Stem tendrils: pumpkin, cucumber
Leafy stems: Asparagus, Ruscus
Small bulbs: garlic
Small tubers: begonias
Underground stem metamorphosis
Rhizome: bamboo, lotus, reed
Bulbs: onions, lilies
Tuber: potato
Bulbs: water chestnuts, taro
⒊Ye’s metamorphosis
Scale leaves: onions, lilies
Bract leaves: corn, sunflower
Leaf thorns: black locust, cactus
Leaf Tendrils: Pea
Pitcher plant: Nepenthes
Petiole shape: Acacia tree
4. Reproductive organs of plants
(1) Flowers of plants: they are quilts sexual reproductive organs unique to fertile plants
⒈Flower components: pedicel (pedicel), receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils. Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels are all metamorphic leaves, and flowers with calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils are called complete flowers.
⑴Pedicel and receptacle
Pedicel: A small branch with flowers, which supports the flower and is a channel for the stem to transport nutrients and water to the flower.
Torus: The enlarged part at the top of the pedicel,
⑵Calyx and corolla: The calyx and corolla are collectively called the perianth. It has the function of protecting the pistil and stamens.
Calyx: The outermost whorl of the flower, usually green. It has the function of protecting young flowers and fruits, and also has the function of photosynthesis. There are separate calyx (rape flower) and syncalyx
Corolla: composed of several petals, located inside the calyx. Divided into detached flowers (plum, apricot, flax) and close-petaled flowers (pumpkin, morning glory)
⑶ Stamen group: composed of anthers and filaments. The anther is the swollen, sac-like part at the top of the filament. Mature anthers contain a large number of pollen grains.
⑷Pistil group: Located in the center of the flower, it is the general name for all the pistils in a flower. Each pistil is composed of stigma, style and ovary. The stigma is It is made up of rolled carpels, which are metamorphosed leaves adapted to reproduction. The enlarged top part of the pistil can accept pollen. The style is the pollen grains in the column It is the basic unit that makes up the pistil. The passage through which the head enters the ovary after germination. The ovary is composed of ovary wall, placenta, and ovule. The ovule is the precursor of the seed.
⒉Flowers of grasses
Xiaosui
Wai Ying
Nei Ying
2 to 3 small flowers
lemma, lemma
2 pieces of pulp
stamens 3 roses, Pistil 1, with 2 feathery stigmas
⒊Inflorescence
Infinite inflorescence
Racemes: radish, cabbage
Corymb inflorescence: pear, apple
Umbeles: green onions, cherries
Spikes: plantain, verbena
Catkins: poplar, willow
Flower head: sunflower, clover
Inflorescence: fig, banyan
Panicle: male flowers of corn, rice
Limited inflorescence (cyme or centrifugal inflorescence)
Single cymes: Hemerocallis, Hemerocallis, Gladiolus
Erqi cymes: dianthus, curly ear
Taki cymes: leucopus, cat's eye, pigweed
⒋Flower development
⑴The development of stamens
anther
filigree
⑵ Development of pistil: The most important part of pistil is the ovary.
Ovary: composed of ovary wall, ovule, and placenta
Ovule: It is the place where female reproductive cells are formed and is attached to the ventral suture of the carpel on the ovary wall.
Placenta: The location where the ovule is inserted. After fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit, the ovary wall develops into a pericarp, and the ovule develops into a seed.
⒌Blooming, pollination, fertilization: It is an angiosperm that develops from flower buds important process of growing into seeds and fruits
⑴Blooming: The calyx and corolla are about to open, and the pistils and stamens are exposed. Flowering is a sign of sexual maturity in most plants. ①Blooming age ②Blooming period: The time it takes for a plant to complete from the first flower to the last flower. Wheat 3 to 6 days, pears and apples 6 to 12 days, rapeseed 20 to 40 days
⑵Pollination
Self-pollination: wheat, rice, beans, peaches
Cross-pollination: corn, melons, rape, pears, apples. Cross-pollination mainly relies on insects (bees), wind, water, birds, and small mammals. Insect-pollinated flowers: rape, citrus, melons. Wind pollinated flowers: corn, chestnut, walnut. Adaptations of plants to multiple cross-pollination: ① unisexual flowers (melons, spinach) ② dioecious (apples) ③ dioecious (buckwheat) ④Hermaphroditism ⑤Autogamous infertility
⑶ Fertilization: The process in which male and female gametes fuse with each other to form a zygote.
The germination process of pollen grains
double fertilization process
⑷Apomixis and polyembryony
Apomixis: An embryo can be formed without fusion of sperm and egg (dandelion) Or develop into embryos from synergid cells, antipodal cells, etc. (onions, mimosa, iris)
Polyembryony: there are more than two embryos in one seed.
(ii) Plant seeds
⒈Development of seeds
⑴ Development of the embryo: It develops from the zygote. After fertilization, the zygote goes through a period of dormancy before it begins to develop. (4 to 6 hours for rice, 16 to 18 hours for wheat, 2 to 3 days for cotton, 5 to 6 days for apples, and 5 to 6 months for tea trees.
⑵ Development of endosperm: The endosperm of angiosperms develops from primary endosperm and often has triplicate chromosomes
⑶ Development of seed coat: The plant integument develops into a seed coat, which is located outside the seed and plays a protective role.
⒉Structure of seeds
Embryo: four parts: embryo, hypocotyl, radicle, and cotyledons
Endosperm: stores nutrients (starch, fat and protein) for the nutritional needs of the seed during germination
Seed coat: wraps around the embryo and endosperm to protect it.
⒊Type of seeds
Endospermless seeds: composed of seed coat and embryo, such as beans, melons, cabbage, radish, peach, and pear in dicotyledonous plants. Seeds of arrowheads and Alisma in monocotyledonous plants.
Endosperm seeds: seed coat, embryo, and endosperm are composed of three parts, such as castor, buckwheat, eggplant, tomato, pepper, grape seeds, and monocot seeds such as cereals, onions, and garlic.
⒋The vitality and lifespan of seeds
Seed vitality: refers to the potential ability of the seed to germinate or the vitality of the embryo.
Seed viability: refers to the ability of seeds to germinate quickly and neatly in the field and form strong seedlings, including germination potential, growth potential and production potential.
The life span of a seed: the longest period of time that a seed can maintain its vitality under certain conditions. The longer the seed is stored, the weaker its vitality will be, and may even lose its vitality completely. The main reason why seeds lose their vitality is due to the destruction of enzyme substances and the disappearance of stored nutrients, which leads to the decline and death of embryonic cells. Seed storage must be kept dry and cool. If the temperature is too high, the seeds will also lose their vitality.
⒌Germination of seeds Seeds in botany refer to the sexual reproductive organs that develop after fertilization of ovules. In fact, seeds refer to the planting materials of crops and forest trees (grains, fruits and roots, stems, seedlings, buds, leaves)
The germination process of seeds: through three stages: imbibition, germination and germination.
Conditions for seed germination: First of all, it depends on whether the seed itself is viable. External factors: appropriate moisture, appropriate temperature and sufficient oxygen. Some seeds also need light to germinate (lettuce, carrots)
After-ripening effect: After the seeds leave the mother body, they undergo a series of physiological processes before they reach physiological maturity and thus have the ability to germinate. This is most obvious in wheat seeds. The water absorption rate of wheat is more than 30%, and that of corn is 45 to 50%. Within the suitable temperature range, as the temperature increases, the seed germination speed accelerates, and there are three basic points of minimum, maximum and optimum temperatures for seed germination. Generally, plant seeds require an oxygen concentration of more than 10% to germinate normally. Seeds with an oxygen concentration below 5% cannot germinate.
(iii) Fruits of plants
⒈Fruit development: the calyx and corolla wither or persist, the stigma and style wither, only the ovary and the ovules in it grow and expand, and develop into fruits
⒉Fruit structure
Fruit: composed of peel and seeds enclosed in the peel
Peel: endocarp, mesocarp and exocarp.
True fruit: developed from the ovary (walnut)
False fruit: In addition to the ovary, the receptacle, calyx or inflorescence axis are involved in the formation
⒊Type of fruit
Single fruit: a fruit formed by only one pistil in a flower, divided into fleshy fruit and dry fruit
Aggregate fruit: There are many small fruits formed in Huato
Juhuaguo: The fruit develops from the entire inflorescence, also known as compound fruit.
⒋Parthenocarpy: The phenomenon that the ovary of a plant can develop into fruits without fertilization, including apomixis, which will produce seedless fruits, but not all physical fruits are the product of parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy plays an important economic role in fruit tree production. Grapes and citrus often have parthenocarpy.
(IV) Spread of seeds and fruits
Spread by wind: dandelion seeds, poplar and willow seeds
Spread by water: lotus seeds, amaranth seeds
Spread through human and animal activities: cocklebur, verbena, ginseng
Spread by the fruit's own mechanical power: fried pods of soybeans, mung beans, and the peel of impatiens rolled in
5. Plant growth substances
(1) Phytohormones: refer to non-nutritive trace active substances synthesized in plants. Seven major hormones: auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CTA), ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroid (BR), jasmonates (JA)
(ii) Other plant growth substances: New plant growth substances discovered by humans in different plants, such as: triacontanol (TRIA), salicylic acid (SA), polyamine (PA), oligosaccharides, exosomes, and systems. white
(iii) Plant growth regulators: refers to artificially synthesized biological or chemical agents that regulate plant growth and development. What I just searched for is artificially synthesized growth substances.
Auxins:
Indole derivatives: indolebutyric acid (IBA), indolepropionic acid (IPA), indole ester (IZAA).
Derivatives of naphthalene: naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), methyl naphthaleneacetate (MENA), naphthaleneacetamide (NAD)
Derivatives of halogenated benzene:
Application in production
① Rooting of cuttings ② Promote fruit setting ③ Prevent flower and fruit drop
④Thinning flowers and fruits ⑤Inhibiting germination ⑥Killing weeds
Cytokinins
growth inhibitor
Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA): It is mostly used in soybeans to increase branches, increase flower bud differentiation, increase pod setting rate, and increase yield.
Methylamine (MH): widely used in storage of potatoes, onions, and garlic to prevent germination
Plastic hormones can eliminate the geotropism and phototropism of plants. In production, it is mostly used for woody plants to shape woody bonsai.
growth retardant
Chlormequat (CCC): a commonly used growth retardant. Spraying on dwarf trees can shorten the internodes, shorten the stems, thicken the stems, and deepen the leaf color, which is beneficial to improving the light transmission conditions of the flora. Enhance photosynthesis and resist lodging, suitable for cotton, wheat, corn, rice, peanuts, tomatoes, fruit trees and other crops
Compared with (B), it inhibits cell division of the meristem tissue at the top of fruit trees and slows down the growth of branches. It can replace artificial planting to increase the number of flowers and fruits in the next year. And prevent pre-harvest fruit drop and promote fruit coloring. It is mainly used in crops such as peanuts, fruit trees, soybeans, cucumbers, tomatoes and vegetables, and is used as a dwarfing agent, fruit setting agent, rooting agent and preservative.
Paclobutrazol ( ) slows down cell division and growth, resulting in thicker stems and dark green leaves. Suitable for use in cereals, especially rice fields
Mepidamine ( ): The auxiliary agent is mainly used in cotton and can also be used in wheat, corn, peanuts, tomatoes, melons, and fruit trees.
Ethephon: It is a water-soluble strong acidic liquid. When the pH is greater than 4.1, it can be diluted and release ethylene. The higher the pH, the more ethylene is produced, and it is easily absorbed by plants. Mainly used for ripening fruits such as cotton, tomatoes, watermelons, citrus, bananas, coffee, peaches, and persimmons.