Content: The world is a material world, and the true unity of the world lies in its materiality.

Methodology: We should consciously adhere to the principle of material unity of dialectical materialism, firmly stand on scientific atheism, and oppose all theism; understanding and utilizing nature must be based on respecting the objective materiality of nature, and we should respect, adapt to, and protect nature.

Content: Matter is the origin, consciousness is a derivative of matter, and matter determines consciousness.

In methodology, everything should be based on reality, seek truth from facts, establish correct consciousness concepts, respect objective laws, make the subjective conform to the objective, and achieve a concrete and historical unity of the subjective and objective. (unify subjectivity and objectivity)

Content: Movement is the inherent attribute and mode of existence of matter. Matter cannot be separated from movement. Movement is the movement of matter. Matter is the carrier of movement. Movement cannot be separated from matter.

Methodology: Look at problems from the perspective of movement, insist that material movement is indivisible, and oppose the erroneous views of talking about movement without matter and talking about matter without movement.

Content: Laws are objective and universal, independent of human will, and can neither be created nor destroyed.

Methodology: Respect objective laws and act in accordance with objective laws.

Content: 1. People can understand the world actively. Consciousness activities are purposeful, consciously selective and dynamically creative. It can also grasp the essence and laws hidden within things. 2. People can actively change the world. Correct consciousness promotes the development of things, while wrong consciousness hinders the development of things.

Methodology: Respect objective laws and correctly exert subjective initiative.

Content: The world is a universally connected organic whole, and nothing exists in isolation.

Methodology: Insist on looking at problems from a connected point of view, and oppose looking at problems from an isolated point of view.

Content: Connection is objective. Connection is inherent in the thing itself and does not depend on human subjective will.

Methodology: Grasp things from their inherent connections and avoid subjective arbitrariness. But people can change the state of things and establish new connections based on their inherent connections.

Content: The development of all things is conditional. The conditions are diverse, and the connections between specific things are also diverse.

Methodology: 1. Be good at analyzing and grasping the various conditions for the existence and development of things (subjective and objective, internal and external, favorable and unfavorable) 2. Everything is subject to the conditions of time and place.

content

methodology

Content: A system is a unified whole composed of interconnected and interacting elements. The basic characteristics of the system are integrity, orderliness and the optimization trend of the internal structure.

Methodology: 1. Establish an overall concept and master the method of system optimization, focusing on the integrity, orderliness and optimization trend of the internal structure of the system. 2. Understand things with a comprehensive thinking method.

Looking at problems from a connection point of view, the general methodology is: adhere to the universality, objectivity and diversity of connections, adhere to the unity of the whole and the parts, and master the method of system optimization.

Content: The essence of development is the advancement and rise of things, the emergence of new things and the demise of old things. The world is eternally developing, and development is universal.

Methodology: Look at problems from a developmental perspective. Adhere to advancing with the times, cultivate the spirit of innovation, promote the growth of new things, and oppose rigid conservative ideas.

Content: 1. The development of things always starts with quantitative change. Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change. Quantitative change when it reaches a certain level will inevitably lead to qualitative change. 2. Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change. 3. The development of things is like this, from quantitative change to qualitative change, and in new times. On the basis of quality, new quantitative changes begin, and this cycle repeats and continues to advance.

Methodology: 1. Pay attention to quantitative accumulation and oppose radical change theory. 2. Seize the opportunity to promote qualitative change and oppose vulgar evolution theory. 3. Adhere to the principle of moderation.

Content: Dialectical negation is the negation of things themselves. It is both affirmation and negation. It is the link in the connection and development of things. Its essence is "sublation".

Methodology: Establish a sense of innovation, analyze things scientifically, and neither blindly affirm nor deny everything.

Content: The development of things is the unity of progress and twists and turns. The future is bright but the road is twists and turns.

Methodology: Believe that the future is bright, support and protect new things, and be prepared to take a winding road.

Content: The two sides of the contradiction are both opposite and unified, promoting the movement, change and development of things. Contradiction is the source and driving force of the movement, change and development of things, and is a concrete manifestation of identity and struggle.

Methodology: Adhere to the unity of opposites in contradictions, grasp unity in opposition, grasp opposition in unity, adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy, and look at the problem comprehensively by dividing it into two.

Content: 1. The identity of contradictions is relative, and the struggle of contradictions is absolute. 2. Identity cannot be separated from struggle, and identity is based on difference and opposition. 3. The struggle of contradictions cannot exist without identity. Struggle resides in and is restricted by identity. 4. The unity of opposites between contradictory parties promotes the movement, change and development of things.

Methodology: Adhere to the unity of opposites in struggle, grasp unity in opposition, and grasp opposition in unity.

Content: 1. Contradiction is the unity of opposites, and the basic attributes of contradiction are identity and struggle. Identity is the attribute and tendency of the contradictory parties to attract and connect each other. It is manifested in the fact that the contradictory parties are interdependent and interconnected, and can transform into each other under certain conditions. Struggle refers to the mutually exclusive and antagonistic attributes of both parties in a conflict. 2. Identity is relative and conditional, while struggle is absolute and unconditional. (Generally not used in quiz questions) 3. Identity is inseparable from struggle, and identity is predicated on difference and opposition. 4. Struggle is inseparable from identity. Struggle resides in and is restricted by identity. 5. The two sides of the contradiction are both opposite and unified, thus promoting the movement, change and development of things.

Methodology: Adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy, and look at the problem comprehensively by dividing it into two parts. Create conditions to transform conflicts in a favorable direction. Adhere to the unity of opposites in contradictions, grasp unity in opposition, and grasp opposition in unity.

Content: Contradictions exist in all things, that is, there are contradictions in everything, and contradictions run through the development process of everything, that is, there are always contradictions.

Methodology: 1. Dare to admit contradictions, face them head-on, be good at analyzing contradictions, and actively seek correct methods to resolve them. 2. Adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy, and look at the problem comprehensively by dividing it into two parts.

Content: Contradictory things and each aspect have their own characteristics: 1. Different things have different contradictions 2. The same thing has different contradictions in different processes and stages of development 3. Different contradictions and identities in the same thing The two different aspects of the contradiction also have their own particularities.

Methodology: specific analysis of specific problems

Content: 1. Interconnected, universality resides in particularity and is expressed through particularity. Without particularity, there is no universality. Particularity cannot be separated from universality. 2. Contradictory universality and particularity, under certain conditions Transform each other.

Methodology: Adhere to the unity of commonality and individuality, master the method of generalizing universality from particularity, and study particularity under the guidance of universality. Adhere to the unity of commonality and individuality. We must not only see commonality, but also analyze specific problems in detail. Capture your personality.

Content: Primary and secondary contradictions are interdependent and influence each other. The primary contradiction determines the development direction of things; primary and secondary contradictions transform into each other under certain conditions.

Methodology: 1. Focus on the key points (grasp the center and grasp the key), concentrate on solving the main contradictions 2. Make overall plans and properly handle the secondary contradictions.

Content: The main aspect of the contradiction is in a dominant position and plays a leading role, while the secondary aspect is in a dominated position. The nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the principal contradiction. The primary and secondary aspects of the contradiction are interdependent, mutually exclusive, and transform into each other under certain conditions.

Methodology: 1. When looking at the problem, we must distinguish the mainstream and the tributaries, and recognize the nature of things. 2. When looking at the problem, we must look at the problem comprehensively, and we must not ignore the secondary aspects of the contradiction. 3. Adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory.

Content: Two points are the two key points, and the key point is the key point among the two points.

Methodology: Adhere to the unity of two-point theory and key point theory, and oppose the metaphysical views of one-point theory and equilibrium theory.

Content: Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge. The two interpenetrate and include each other, and have a dialectical unity relationship.

Methodology: Grasp the essence through phenomena

Content: 1. Practice is the basis of cognition, and practice determines cognition: Practice is the source of cognition, the driving force for the development of cognition, the only criterion for testing the truth of cognition, and the purpose of cognition 2. Cognition has a counterproductive effect on practice: correct understanding Promote the development of practice, wrong understanding hinders the development of practice, scientific theory has a guiding role or promotion role in practice

Methodology: 1. Establish the perspective of practice first, consciously participate in practical activities, and adhere to the combination of theory and practice. 2. Pay attention to the reaction of knowledge and the guiding role of scientific theory in practice.

Content: 1. Knowledge is repetitive, infinite, and ascendant 2. Truth is objective, specific, conditional, and relative, and the pursuit of truth is a process

Methodology: Understand and discover truth in practice, test and develop truth in practice

Content: 1. Social existence determines social consciousness 1) What kind of social existence there is will be what kind of social consciousness. Social consciousness is a reflection of social existence (nature determines nature) 2) The change and development of social existence determines social consciousness. Change and development (change determines change) 2. Social consciousness is relatively independent 1) Social consciousness is not completely synchronized with social existence. Sometimes it lags behind social existence, and sometimes it changes and develops before social existence. 2) Social consciousness has an impact on social existence. Have a counterproductive effect (right or wrong)

Methodology: Oppose historical idealism, establish the idea of ​​practice first, and establish a correct outlook on life and values.

Content: 1. Productivity determines production relations. 2. Production relations react on productivity. Production relations that adapt to productivity conditions promote the development of productivity, and conversely hinder the development of productivity. 3. Production relations must adapt to productivity conditions.

Methodology: Respect the objective laws of social development, vigorously develop productivity, persist in reform, establish a sense of innovation, and constantly adjust production relations to make them suitable for productivity conditions.

Content: 1. The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure has a counterproductive effect on the economic base. When the superstructure is suitable for the economic base, it promotes the consolidation and improvement of the economic base. When it is not suitable for the economic base, it will hinder the economy. Development and transformation of the foundation 2. When the superstructure serves the advanced economic base, it promotes the development of productive forces and promotes social progress; when it serves the backward economic base, it constrains the development of productive forces and hinders social progress 3. The superstructure must adapt to the conditions of the economic base

Methodology: Respect the objective laws of social development, adhere to reforms, adjust aspects and links in the superstructure that are not suitable for the development of the economic base, and make the superstructure suitable for the advanced economic base.

Content: 1. The general trend of social development is forward and upward, and the development process is tortuous. 2. Social development is achieved through the continuous resolution of the basic contradictions between productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure. 3. In In class society, the resolution of basic social contradictions is mainly achieved through class struggle. Class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society. 4. Reform is the self-improvement and development of the socialist system and the direct driving force for the development of socialist society.

Methodology: Adhere to reform, resolve basic social contradictions, develop productive forces, and promote social development.

Content: The people are the creators of history and the main body of social and historical practice. 1. The people are the creators of social material wealth. 1) The productive activities of the people are the basis for social existence and development. 2) The people are the decisive force in promoting social and historical development. 2. The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth. 1) The lives and practices of the people are the source of the formation and development of all spiritual wealth. 2) The practice of the people provides necessary material conditions for the creation of spiritual wealth. 3) The people have also directly created rich social spiritual wealth. 3. The people are the decisive force for social change. 1) The people are the main force of social change at any period. 2) In class society, the transformation of production relations and the replacement of social systems are all achieved through the revolution of the people. 3) The people continue to create and change social relations by promoting the development of productive forces, thus continuously promoting social and historical progress and development.

Methodology: Adhere to the mass viewpoint and mass line, adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the people's dominant position, consciously stand on the fundamental position of the overwhelming majority of the people, and regard the interests of the people as the highest value standard

Content: 1. Values ​​directly affect a person's ideals, beliefs, and life goals, and play an important guiding role in people's activities to understand the world and transform the world. Values ​​influence people's understanding and evaluation of things, values ​​influence people's activities to transform the world, and influence people's behavioral choices. 2. Values ​​are an important guide in life. 3. Values ​​carry the spiritual pursuit of a nation and country and embody a society’s standards for judging right and wrong.

Methodology: Establish correct values, overcome wrong values, cultivate and practice socialist core values, and advocate socialist collective values.

Content: Value choices are made on the basis of value judgments. Value judgments and value choices have subject differences, social history, and class characteristics in class society.

Methodology: Under the guidance of correct values, consciously follow the objective laws of social development, consciously stand on the standpoint of the overwhelming majority of the people, regard the interests of the people as the highest value standard, and regard the unity of individual, collective and social interests as the selection criterion , make correct value judgments and value choices.

Content: Human value is the unity of self-worth and social value. Human beings are both creators and enjoyers of value. But the real value of a person lies in creating value and in his responsibility and contribution to society.

Methodology: 1. Create value in labor and dedication 2. Realize value in the unity of individual and society 3. Create and realize value in self-strengthening.

Use the knowledge of "correctly exerting subjective initiative" to analyze xx 1. People can understand the world actively 2. People can actively change the world, right or wrong 3. Respecting objective laws is a prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative. Only the correct consciousness that conforms to objective laws can correctly guide people's practice; wrong consciousness that violates objective laws will lead to the failure of practice and hinder the development of things. . 3 Depending on the situation, add the following two points: ① Objective conditions restrict the exertion of subjective initiative. To correctly exert subjective initiative, we must proceed from reality (starting from objective conditions) and correctly utilize objective conditions to achieve the unity of subjectivity and objectivity. ② The exertion of subjective initiative It is also restricted by a series of subjective factors. To correctly exert subjective initiative, we must constantly accumulate correct subjective factors, adhere to the correct value orientation, and correct subjective motives. 4. Organically combine respect for objective laws and exert subjective initiative, proceed from reality and seek truth from facts.

Material determines consciousness and requires us to adhere to one reality

1. What it is: When doing things, we must respect the objective laws of material movement, start from objectively existing things, and through investigation and research, find out the laws inherent in the things themselves rather than conjectures, as the basis for our actions

2. Requirements: 1. We are required to give full play to our subjective initiative, constantly emancipate our minds, keep pace with the times, explore the nature and laws of things in a truth-seeking and pragmatic spirit, arm our minds with scientific theories, and guide practice. 2. We are required to give full play to Combine subjective initiative with respect for objective laws, and combine a high degree of revolutionary enthusiasm with a rigorous and down-to-earth scientific attitude

3. Methodology: Respect objective laws, correctly exert the subjective initiative of consciousness, and combine objective laws with subjective initiative

The basic content of the mass viewpoint is to believe that the people will liberate themselves, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible to the people in everything, and learn from the people with an open mind. The views of the masses are the fundamental position and viewpoint of the proletarian party, and are the fundamental starting point for the party to formulate its line, principles, and policies.

The basic content of the mass line is that everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses, from the masses, to the masses. The mass line is the fundamental leadership method and working method of the proletarian party, and is the lifeline and fundamental work line of our party.

1. The particularity of the contradiction requires us to analyze specific issues in detail.

2. Meaning: Concrete analysis of specific problems refers to concretely analyzing the particularity of contradictions and finding the correct method to resolve them under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradictions.

3. Requirements: Concretely analyze the contradictions in different things; concretely analyze different contradictions in the development process of the same thing; concretely analyze the characteristics of different contradictions in the same thing and the characteristics of two different aspects of the same contradiction.

4. Status: Concrete analysis of specific issues is an important principle of Marxism and the living soul of Marxism.

5. Importance or role/significance: Concrete analysis of specific issues is the basis for correct understanding of things; concrete analysis of specific issues is the key to correctly resolving conflicts (answers are separate in the exam!)

6. Specific questions and specific distinctions are premised on acknowledging the universality of contradictions. It is both a way to understand things and a way to solve problems.