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dialectics
Postgraduate entrance examination politics, Xu Tao, shared two general characteristics (1. universally connected 2. eternally developing), five pairs of categories (logic in connection and development links), and three major laws (the law of the unity of opposites, the law of mutual transformation of quality, knowledge of the law of negation of negation).
Edited at 2023-07-28 15:44:10
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dialectics
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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- Outline
dialectics
Two general characteristics
1. Commonly contacted
contact meaning
Characteristics of contact
objectivity
inherent, independent of human will
universality
Everything has an inherent structure (the internal structures are connected)
Nothing can exist in isolation (something is connected to something else)
The world generally contacts "intermediaries"
Diversity
inevitable/accidental
direct/indirect
conditionality
Have a supportive or inhibitory effect
Conditions can be changed
To change and create conditions, objective laws must be respected
methodological significance
2. Eternally developing
The connotation and essence of development
concept
To sum up, all forms of change are movements, and the trend of movement changes is development.
substance
The essence of forward and upward movement and development is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things.
The relationship between new and old things
New things
It refers to something that is in line with the direction of history and has a great future.
old things
It refers to something that has lost its historical inevitability and is becoming extinct day by day.
The new is invincible because
New things have new structures and adapt to new environments.
New things are improvements of old things, absorbing the advantages of the old and adding new content.
New things are in the interests of the masses and are supported by the masses.
process perspective
The world is not a collection of ready-made things, but a collection of processes
Everything that comes into being in history will perish in history
Everything has its past, present and future
methodological significance
Five pairs of categories
The logic of connection and development
cause and effect
concept:
Reveal the categories of relationships between things that follow and restrict each other
reason
a phenomenon that causes something
result
A phenomenon caused by a certain phenomenon.
relation:
unity of opposites
A: The distinction between cause and effect is both definite and uncertain.
B: Interaction, mutual causation
C: Mutual penetration, the effect exists in the cause, and the cause is reflected in the effect (mutual speculation)
D: Complex and diverse
"Every cause must have its effect"❌ (one cause, multiple effects, same cause, different effects...)
"Every cause must have an effect"✅
methodology
Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste
inevitable and accidental
concept:
Necessity and accidental events are categories of different trends in the occurrence, development and demise of objective things.
inevitable
It refers to the trend that must occur and be determined in the process of connection and development of things.
accidental
It refers to a trend that is not certain to occur in the relationship and development process of things. It may appear or not appear, it may appear this way or it may appear that way, and it is uncertain.
relation:
unity of opposites
Distinguish from each other
The causes are different
internal
external
Different forms of expression
Stablize
unstable
Different status effects
decisive role
influence
interconnected
Necessarily resides in chance, expresses itself through a large number of accidents, and makes its own way; Behind contingency lies necessity and is governed by necessity. Contingency is the expression and supplement of necessity; Necessity and chance can transform into each other under certain conditions.
methodology
We must pay attention to the inevitability of the development of things and grasp the general trend of the development of things. We must also be good at discovering the inevitability from accidents and seize opportunities that are conducive to the development of things.
possibility and reality
concept:
Possibility and reality are categories that reveal the interrelationship between the past, present and future of things.
Possibility: refers to potential things in the development process of things, various trends included in things and indicating the future of things.
Reality: refers to the synthesis of actually existing things that are related to each other.
relation:
unity of opposites
Distinguish from each other
potential/actual
interconnected
Both include each other and transform each other
Is there any basis in reality?
There is ➡️possibility There is no ➡️impossibility
Is it based on reality (is it sufficient)
Full ➡️Realistic possibility Inadequate ➡️Abstract possibility (potential possibility)
methodology
Base yourself on reality, look to the future, and give full play to your subjective initiative.
phenomenon and essence
concept:
It is a category that reveals the relationship between the external manifestations and internal connections of objective things. Phenomenon: It is the external connection and surface characteristics of things that people can perceive through their senses. Essence: It is the inner connection and fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by human rational thinking.
relation:
Unity of opposites:
Distinguish from each other
individual, specific/general, universal
Changeable/relatively stable
Vivid, rich/relatively profound, simple
🌟Phenomena can be divided into truth and illusion
Both truth and illusion express the essence. The truth is expressed directly and directly, while the illusion is a distorted expression from the side.
interconnected
methodology
Look beyond the surface
content and form
concept:
Content and form reveal the relationship between the intrinsic elements of things and the structure and expression of these elements.
Content: It is the sum of all the elements that constitute a thing and is the basis for the existence of a thing.
Form: It is the structure and expression method of combining many elements of content.
relation:
interdependent, inseparable
1. The content of anything has a certain form, and every form also has a certain content. There is no empty form without content, and there is no pure content without form.
2. Content determines form, and form reacts on content.
Suitable ~ actively promote
Not suitable ~ negative hindrance
methodology
We should not only pay attention to content, but also be good at using form.
Productivity: Content Production relations: form
(Concept, relationship, methodology)
Three major rules
law of unity of opposites
the content of the contact; Reasons and motivation for development
Why develop
The essence and core of materialist dialectics
1. It reveals the fundamental content of the universal connection of things and the inner driving force of eternal development, and fundamentally answers the question of why things develop.
2. The law of unity of opposites is the central clue that runs through other laws and categories
3. Provide contradiction analysis method, which is the essence of dialectical understanding of things.
4. Do you admit that the doctrine of the unity of opposites is the essence of materialist dialectics and metaphysical opposition?
🌟The principle of dialectical relationship between identity and struggle
Identity and struggle are not a "sometimes...sometimes" relationship; It is the logical relationship of "both... and..." (both identity and struggle)
concept
Identity
concept
The identity of contradiction refers to the nature and tendency of the two sides of the contradiction to be interdependent and interconnected.
interdependence
interconnected
(can be transformed into each other) eg: "I am strong and you are weak" → "You are strong and I am weak"
The main thing is that contradictions can be transformed into each other
Fighting
Example
资本主义→矛盾（对抗性）→必然灭亡
社会主义→矛盾（飞对抗性的）→forever
concept
The struggle nature of contradiction is the nature and tendency of mutual exclusion and mutual separation between contradictory opposites.
confrontational
(fierce)
non-confrontational
(not too intense)
Relationship: unity of opposites
interconnected
The identity of contradictions and the struggle of contradictions are interconnected and complementary to each other. Without struggle, there is no identity. The struggle lies in the identity. Without identity, there is no struggle.
Distinguish from each other
Among the contradictions of things, the struggle of contradiction is unconditional and absolute, and the identity of contradiction is conditional and relative.
methodological significance
Divide the problem into two Seek common ground while reserving differences critically inherit things transform into each other
🌟The role of identity and struggle in the development of things
The role of contradictory identity in the development of things is reflected in
1. Since the two parties to the conflict are interdependent and are the conditions for each other's existence, the two parties to the conflict can take advantage of the other's development to develop themselves.
2. The conflicting parties learn from each other the factors that are beneficial to themselves and develop.
3. Since the two sides of the contradiction are connected with each other, the two sides of the contradiction can transform into each other's opposites and develop, and determine the direction of the development of things.
The role of the struggle of contradictions in the development of things is reflected in
1. The struggle between the two sides of the contradiction promotes changes in the balance of power between the two sides of the contradiction. One is ebbing and the other is ebbing, causing quantitative changes in things.
2. The struggle between the two contradictory parties promotes the transformation of the status or nature of the contradictory parties and achieves a qualitative change of things.
methodology
The development of things not only appears as opposites but also complements each other; as a special manifestation of contradiction, harmony is not an undifferentiated agreement. Its essence lies in coordinating the interrelationships of various factors within things and promoting the state that is most conducive to the development of things.
🌟The principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity
universality of contradiction
There are conflicts all the time, in everything, everywhere
The specificity of contradiction
1. The contradictions of different things have their own characteristics (different things)
2. Contradictions of the same thing have different characteristics in different development processes and stages (the same thing in different stages)
3. The many contradictions that constitute things and the different aspects of each contradiction have different natures, statuses and functions.
Relationship: unity of opposites
Distinguish from each other
The commonality is unconditional and absolute; Personality is conditional and relative
interconnected
Everything that exists in reality is an organic unity of commonality and individuality. Commonality resides in individuality. There is no commonality without individuality, and there is no individuality without commonality (everything in the world has both individuality and commonality)
methodology
Concrete analysis of specific issues (the essence of Marxism) Prescribe the right medicine tailor-made learn by analogy Marxism in China
🌟Contradictory principles of unbalanced development
main contradiction
It is a contradiction that occupies a dominant position in the system of contradictions and plays a decisive role in the development of things.
secondary contradiction
It is the contradiction of being in a subordinate position
In every pair of contradictions, there are main aspects of the contradiction and secondary aspects of the contradiction.
principle
The nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction
methodological significance
Combining the "two-point theory" and the "key theory"; grasp the key points and look at the mainstream (Grasp both primary and secondary, highlight the main contradictions) → It is necessary to cover all aspects and highlight the key points.
Contradiction analysis method (methodological summary)
The law of mutual transformation of quality
development process and status
Quantitative change: It is the increase or decrease in the quantity of things and the change in the arrangement of the constituent elements. It is an insignificant change that maintains the relative stability of the quality of things, and reflects the continuity of the gradual development process of things.
Qualitative change: It is a fundamental change in the nature of things. It is a leap from one posture to another. It embodies the gradual process and interruption of continuity of things.
The relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change: the unity of opposites
Distinguish from each other
interconnected
1. Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change
2. Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change
A drop of water will surely penetrate a stone ✓
3. Qualitative change and quantitative change are interpenetrated.
On the one hand: there are staged and local partial qualitative changes in the overall quantitative change process.
On the other hand: in the process of qualitative change, there is also the quantitative contraction of the old quality and the quantitative expansion of the new quality.
The qualitative change in quantitative change is quantitative change, and the quantitative change in qualitative change is qualitative change.
methodology
Theoretically
Exaggerating qualitative changes leads to: Catastrophic theory
Exaggerating large changes leads to: vulgar evolution theory
Practice
principle of moderation
Understanding of the "new stage of development". (Newly proposed)
reform, development and stability
law of negation
Development direction and destination
dialectical negation
Negation is the self-negation of something.
Negation is the key to the development of things.
Negation is the link between old and new things.
The essence of dialectical negation is "sublation", that is, new things both criticize and inherit old things, overcome their negative factors while retaining their positive factors.
law of negation
Affirmative factors: factors that maintain the existence of ready-made things.
Negative factors: factors that promote the demise of ready-made things.
Everything has a positive factor and a negative factor.
The dialectical development of things goes through two negations and three stages, forming a cycle. The negation stage of negation seems to be a "return" to the original starting point, but this is the result of the "reply" at a higher stage being "sublation".
spiral upward, circuitous advance
methodology
Theoretically
Only regression is seen, no development: the cycle theory.
Only development is seen, no regression: straight line theory.
Practice
The future is a bright road.
The road is winding.