Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is one of the most commonly used detection methods for PFOA. PFOA is separated from the sample by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using mass spectrometry.

PFOA can be separated from other compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitatively analyzed by detecting standard solutions or calibration curves.

PFOA generates fluorescence signals in response to excitation light of specific wavelengths. By measuring the fluorescence emission signals of the sample at different wavelengths, the PFOA content in the sample can be quantitatively analyzed.

CHEN Q, ZHU P, XIONG J, et al. A new dual-recognition strategy for hybrid ratiometric and ratiometric sensing perfluorooctane sulfonic acid based on high fluorescent carbon dots with ethidium bromide[J/OL]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy , 2020, 224: 117362.

Immunoassays typically quantify PFOA by using specific antibodies that bind to PFOA, form reaction products, and measure the signal of the immune response. For example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA

ssDNA aptamers (aptamers), a type of oligonucleotide sequence, can bind to target molecules with high selectivity and affinity due to their specific three-dimensional structure. This binding is achieved through hydrogen bonds and other non-covalent interactions between base pairs