The rotational movement of the Earth around its axis of rotation is called the Earth’s rotation

Reference object

from west to east

Angular velocity

Line speed

The movement of the earth around the sun is called the earth's revolution.

from west to east

Reference object

Approximately a perfect circle

perihelion in January, aphelion in July

The angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane

23°26′

23°26′ north latitude to 23°26′ south latitude

90° north latitude to north latitude

90° south latitude to south latitude

a solar day

Such a period is of appropriate length so that the daytime on the ground will not be too Hot, the night will not be too cold, which is conducive to life The survival and development of the organism.

At the same latitude, locations in the east will see the sunrise earlier than locations in the west

Every 15° of longitude, the local time difference is 1 hour

Each time zone spans 15° of longitude. Based on the prime meridian, From longitude 7.5° west to longitude 7.5° east, it is divided into the middle time zone, or zero time zone

International date line--180° longitude

United Kingdom - Central Time Zone

Tokyo - East 9th Ward

China - East Eighth District

Moscow - East Third District

Cairo - East 2nd District

New York - East Fifth Ward

Northern Hemisphere deflects to the right

Southern Hemisphere deflected to the left

There is no geostrophic deflection at the equator

Affects large-scale airflow and water horizontal movement of flow

The geostrophic deflection force only changes the direction of motion of a horizontally moving object and does not affect its speed.

From the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere, and the day length in the northern hemisphere is longer than the night length.

On the summer solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer. The northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night. The Arctic Circle and the areas north of it all have polar days.

From the autumnal equinox to the spring equinox of the following year, the sun shines directly on the southern hemisphere, and the days are shorter and the nights are longer at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

On the winter solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and polar night occurs in the Arctic Circle and areas north of it.

On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, day and night are of equal length around the world

Summer is the season with the longest days of the year and the highest altitude of the sun at noon.

Winter is the season of the year with the shortest days and the lowest altitude of the sun at noon.

Spring and autumn are the transition seasons between winter and summer.

The northern and southern tropics—between the northern and southern tropics of cancer

The northern and southern temperate zones - between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle

The northern and southern frigid zones - north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle

Crustal movement refers to the displacement or deformation of the lithosphere due to internal forces (main method)

Metamorphism generally occurs deep in the earth's crust and cannot directly shape the surface morphology.

When the lithosphere ruptures, deep magma rises along the rupture zone, intrudes into the lithosphere or erupts to the surface, which is called magma activity.

Weathering - Under the action of external forces, rocks on or near the surface undergo breakage, disintegration, chemical decomposition, and biological decomposition.

Erosion - External forces such as flowing water, waves, wind, and glaciers also damage the surface of the earth.

Transport - the products of weathering or erosion are transported away from their original position under the action of external forces

Accumulation - the material being transported is gradually deposited

Igneous rock - magma invades the upper part of the lithosphere or erupts out of the earth's surface, cools and solidifies to form igneous rock.

Sedimentary rock - clastic material is deposited after being transported by wind, flowing water, etc., and is compacted and consolidated to form sedimentary rock

Metamorphic rock - Under the high temperature, high pressure and other conditions inside the earth, the composition and properties change to form metamorphic rock

Under the strong extrusion force caused by the movement of the earth's crust, the rock layers will be plasticized. Sexual deformation, resulting in a series of wavy bends

The rock layer fractures and undergoes significant displacement along the fracture surface

Opposite

separated

Internally relatively stable

The interface is relatively active

Early stage - Mainly eroded downward and towards the source, making the valley continue to deepen and lengthen

Middle stage - the downward erosion of the river weakens, and the erosion towards both sides of the valley increases. Strong, the river begins to bend

Later stage - the river valley widens, and the cross section takes on a wide and shallow trough shape

Materials transported by rivers are deposited to form river accumulation landforms

favorable conditions

Adverse conditions

A front in which cold air masses actively move toward warm air masses

A front in which a warm air mass actively moves toward a cold air mass

The cold and warm air masses are evenly matched, or they are blocked by terrain and move slowly or A front that rarely moves

The area where the central air pressure is lower than the surrounding air pressure is called low pressure, or low pressure for short.

The area where the central air pressure is higher than the surrounding air pressure is called high pressure, or high pressure for short.

The factors causing atmospheric movement are high and low latitudes The uneven heating of the area and the geostrophic deflection force

equatorial low pressure belt

Subtropical high pressure belts in the northern and southern hemispheres

Subpolar low pressure belt in northern and southern hemispheres

polar high pressure zone

Low latitude trade wind belts in northern and southern hemispheres

northern and southern hemispheres Mid-latitude westerlies

Polar easterlies in northern and southern hemispheres

Northern Hemisphere (Asia as an example)

Southern Hemisphere

Updrafts prevail, water vapor condenses easily, precipitation is abundant, and the climate is humid.

Downdrafts prevail, water vapor is difficult to condense, and precipitation is scarce

More precipitation

less precipitation

Abundant water vapor and more precipitation

Water vapor is scarce and precipitation is less

Rivers, lakes, glaciers, swamps, groundwater

3.47%

Supplies the fresh water needed for human production and life water

Lakes regulate rivers, rivers feed into lakes

replenish each other

Glacier snow feeds rivers

Flows clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

Flow in counterclockwise direction

westerly drift

winter

summer

transport heat

forming precipitation

form a fishing ground

The downdraft weakens or disappears, or even an updraft appears. The weather has changed from dry and drier to rainy, causing floods.

The updraft weakens or disappears, and the climate changes from warm to warm A transition from wet and wet conditions to drier and drier conditions, leading to drought or forest fires

The seawater temperature in the west increases, the air pressure drops, and moist air accumulates to form typhoons and tropical storms

The overturning of deep cold water causes the water temperature to drop, and local high pressure causes drought.

natural environment factors work together

synthetic organic matter

Natural environmental elements enable the natural environment to self-regulate and maintain stable properties through material migration and energy exchange.

close to sea

close to sea

Large amounts of solar radiation

Little solar radiation

Differences in spatial scale

cold climate

tropical climate

East coast of mainland China

Mainland West Coast

Coast to mainland