Meaning: Reflects the consistency of the research tool’s measurement results on the research object

Influencing factors

Classification

Valuation method

Ways to improve valuation

Meaning: Whether the research results accurately reflect the actual situation of the research object, indicating the accuracy, reliability and validity of the research results

Classification

Reliability is the basis of validity. Validity is the purpose of reliability. To have validity, it has certain reliability. To have reliability, it does not necessarily have validity.

Various concepts of sampling design

significance

in principle

stipulate overall

Specify sample size

Determine sampling method and take samples

statistical inference

random sampling

non-random sampling

Generally speaking, the larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error

The nature of the population under study

Research purpose and subjective and objective conditions

Study the maximum error allowed and the probability of inference errors

Variable relationships: related variables, causal variables

Research objects: subject variables, object variables

Whether to measure directly: directly measured variables, indirect measured variables

Whether the researcher actively manipulates: operational variables, non-operational variables

Whether to become the object of research operations: research variables, non-research variables

Determine research variables according to research purpose

Identify extraneous variables

Determine the number of study variables

Consider the levels of study variables

Meaning: Items that specifically measure the categories, status, horizontal speed and other characteristics of research variables

Qualitative indicators

Quantitative indicators

distance indicator

fixed ratio index

Theoretical guidance

integrity

Simplicity

feasibility

operability

Perceivable and measurable, with specific definitions of variables or indicators

Content: Use specific things to explain

Method: direct perception and measurement (empirical method

Focus: extension and operation process

The common essence of variables and indicators

Concept Note

Logical method

reveal the essence

Improve research objectivity

testing of research hypotheses

Improve uniformity

Comparability of research results

Testing and replication of research evaluation results

Symmetry: operation and pumping are symmetrical, pumping determines operation, and operation is the concrete manifestation

unique

method and procedure description

dynamic characterization method

static characterization method

main test

Subject

experimental design

Experiment implementation environmental conditions

data processing

Causing inconsistencies in experimental results

Causing inaccuracies in experimental results

elimination method

constant method

Equilibrium method

statistical control

Blind method

offset method

random method