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Experimental diagnostics mind map
Mind map on experimental diagnostics, including serum electrolytes and blood gas analysis, tumor markers and viral hepatitis indicators, clinical immunology, etc. Hope this helps!
Edited at 2023-11-04 19:03:06
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experimental diagnostics
Serum electrolytes and blood gas analysis
blood electrolytes
Serum potassium measurement
hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Serum sodium measurement
Hyponatremia
hypernatremia
Blood chloride measurement
Hypochloremia
Hyperchloremia
Serum Phosphorus Measurement
increase height
reduce
blood gas analysis
pH pH
arterial blood oxygen partial pressure PO2
arterial oxygen saturation SaO2
Arterial blood oxygen content CaO2
Arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure PaCO2
Actual bicarbonate AB
Standard bicarbonate SB
Buffer base BB
Anion gap AG
clinical immunology
Serum immunoglobulin test
IgG, IgA, IgM detection
IgE test
Serum M protein detection
multiple myeloma
Macroglobulinemia
heavy chain disease
semimolecular disease
malignant lymphoma
Benign M proteinemia
Serum complement test
Total complement hemolytic activity test CH50
Serum complement C3 test
Serum complement C4 test
Serum complement C1q test
B factor test
Immune cell examination
T lymphocyte testing
B lymphocyte test
Lymphocyte function test
Neutrophil phagocytosis and bactericidal function testing
Cytokine test
Interleukin test
Tumor necrosis factor test
Interferon test
autoantibody test
Antinuclear Antibody Test ANA
Anti-double-stranded DNA antibody dsDNA
Anti-Sm antibody detection
anti-histone antibodies
Anti-ribonucleoprotein detection RNP
Anti-SSA/Lo antibody and anti-SSB/La antibody detection
Anti-Scl-70 antibody detection
Anti-cytoplasmic antibody detection
Anti-mitochondrial antibody detection AMA
Anti-actin antibody detection
anti-Jo-1 antibody
antihistiocytic antibodies
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody detection
Anti-thyroid antibody test
Anti-smooth muscle antibody testing
Anti-islet cell antibody detection
Anti-sperm antibody test
Other autoantibody tests
Rheumatoid factor test RF
Anticardiolipin antibody test
Antineutrophil preservation antibody detection
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody test
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody detection
Cerebrospinal fluid examination and serosal effusion examination
cerebrospinal fluid test CSF
General traits
color
red
yellow
milky
Microgreen
transparency
slightly mixed
ground glass opacity
conjugative meningitis
turbid
Films and clots
chemical examination
protein test
Protein qualitative check
Pan's test
Protein quantification test
Glucose test
Chloride check
Enzyme test
microscopy
Other tests
Cytological examination-cancer cells
Bacteriological examination-culture, smear
Immunological examination
Serosal cavity effusion examination
General traits
color
Leakage - light yellow
Exudate-dark yellow, red
transparency
Leakage - clear
Exudate-turbid
proportion
Leakage<1.018
Exudate>1.018
Solidification
Leakage - generally non-condensable
Exudate - easy to coagulate
chemical examination
Mucin qualitative test/Lifanta test
Protein quantification
Glucose measurement
Lactate determination
Enzyme test
carcinoembryonic antigen CEA
LAM-TB-IgG, TB-IgM
microscopy
cell counts
cell classification
Leakage
Mainly mesothelial cells and lymphocytes
exudate
Purulent and early tuberculosis-neutrophils
Tuberculosis, syphilis-lymph
Allergies, Parasites-Eosinophils
Glucose and lipid metabolism and endocrine hormone testing
Lipid metabolism test
Plasma lipid assay
Serum total cholesterol measurement TC
increase height
familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia
Nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, hypothyroidism, biliary obstruction, excessive drinking
reduce
liver cell damage
Malnutrition and hyperthyroidism
Triacylglycerol determination TG
increase height
Primary hyperlipidemia, familial mixed
Independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
Nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, hypothyroidism, biliary obstruction, excessive drinking
Too high can cause acute pancreatitis
reduce
Hypo-beta and abeta-alipoproteinemia
Severe liver disease, hyperthyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes
Plasma lipoprotein measurement
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Measurement HDL-C
Low Density Lipoprotein Measurement LDL-C
rise
primary, secondary
reduce
Lipoprotein(a) determination
Apolipoprotein assay apo
Apolipoprotein A-I determination apo A I
Apolipoprotein B assay apoB
Apolipoprotein A I/B ratio determination
Glucose metabolism test
Fasting blood glucose test FBG
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT
Serum insulin detection and insulin release test
Types of diabetes
islet B cell tumor
other
Serum C-peptide test
increase height
islet B cell tumor
Cirrhosis
reduce
diabetes
exogenous hyperinsulinemia
Glycated hemoglobin monitoring
Assess blood sugar control
Ketone body determination
diabetic ketoacidosis
chronic hunger
Pregnancy toxemia
Lack of sugar or malnutrition in the diet
Islet-associated autoantibodies detection
Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody GADA
Insulin autoantibodies IAA
islet cell autoantibody ICA
Insulinoma-associated antigen-2 autoantibody IA-2A
Urine microalbumin detection MAU
kidney damage
systemic vascular endothelial cells
Predictors of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal events and death
Endocrine hormone testing
Thyroid hormone test
Thyroxine T4 and free thyroxine FT4 determination
TT4
increase height
Hyperthyroidism, congenital hyperTBGemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, thyroid hormone insensitivity syndrome, pregnancy, etc.
reduce
Hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
FT4
increase height
Hyperthyroidism
reduce
Hypothyroidism
Determination of triiodothyronine T3 and free triiodothyronine FT3
Transtriiodothyronine rT3
increase height
Hyperthyroidism
non-thyroid disease
reduce
Hypothyroidism
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
drug effects
thyroxine binding globulin TBG
Detection of parathyroid glands and hormones regulating calcium and phosphorus
Parathyroid hormone PTH measurement
Calcitonin CT
Adrenocortical hormone testing
Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid measurement 17-OHCS
Urinary 17-ketocorticosteroid measurement 17-KS
Plasma cortisol and urine free cortisol determination
Plasma and Urinary Aldosterone Measurement ALD
Adrenomedullary hormone testing
Urine catecholamine CA determination
Urine vanillylmandelic acid determination VMA
Plasma renin measurement
Gonadal hormone testing
Plasma Testosterone Measurement
Plasma estradiol E2 determination
plasma progesterone
Pituitary hormone testing
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH Measurement
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH measurement
Growth hormone GH assay
Dynamic functional testing
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
hypoxamethasone suppression test
ACTH stimulation test
Arginine stimulation test
insulin hypoglycemia test
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH stimulation test
Kidney function and urine tests
Urine test
Collection and preservation of urine specimens
collection
Fasting morning urine
random urine
Urine after meals
Urinate regularly
Microbiology test urine specimen
Routine urine examination
Physics test
urine output
increase
reduce
Oliguria
Prerenal oliguria
renal oliguria
postrenal oliguria
Anuria
Exterior
hematuria
hemoglobinuria
Strong brown/soy sauce color: intravascular hemolysis
Bilirubinuria
Dark yellow/brown (yellow foam after shock): obstructive jaundice or stem cell jaundice
urobilinuria
hemolytic jaundice
Pyuria and bacteriuria
White turbid/cloudy: purulent infection of urinary system, renal tuberculosis
chyluria
Milky white: Filariasis, tumors, etc. block lymphatic vessels around the kidneys
crystalluria
Yellow-white, off-white
blue diaper syndrome
Tryptophan
Urine red blood cell morphology examination
Urine pH
pathological aciduria
Acidosis, high fever, dehydration, drugs (ammonium chloride)
Hypokalemia, alkali-excreting aciduria (diabetes, gout, leukemia)
pathological alkaline urine
Cystitis, alkalosis, urinary retention, renal tubular acidosis
Urine specific gravity SG
increase height
Prerenal: dehydration
diabetes
reduce
Physiology: Drink lots of water
Pathology: severe damage to renal parenchyma, interstitial nephritis, chronic renal failure
Chemical testing
Detection of urine protein
General testing
glomerular proteinuria
selective proteinuria
Mainly albumin
non-selective proteinuria
tubular proteinuria
mixed proteinuria
overflow proteinuria
organized proteinuria
pseudoalbuminuria
Special testing
urine protein electrophoresis
Urinary protein immunological testing
Urine enzyme test
Detection of urine coagulation-soluble protein
Urine sugar testing
hyperglycemic diabetes
normoglycemic glycosuria
temporary diabetes
Stress, pregnancy, drugs, diet, etc.
non-glucose diabetes
Detection of urine ketones
diabetic ketonuria
nondiabetic ketonuria
Bacteriuria or prolonged presence of ketones in urine
Urine sediment test
cellular components
tube type
urinary crystals
Kidney function test
glomerular filtration function
Inulin clearance measurement
Endogenous creatinine clearance measurement Ccr
Glomerular filtration rate measurement GFR
Serum creatinine measurement Scr
Blood urea nitrogen measurement BUN
Blood beta2 microglobulin measurement
Renal tubular reabsorption, secretion elimination, and acidification functions
Proximal renal tubule: reabsorptive function
Determination of maximum renal tubular reabsorption
Renal tubular secretion function test
Phenol red excretion test PSP
Para-aminohippuric acid maximum excretion rate test TmPAH
Distal renal tubule: concentrating and diluting function
Day and night urine specific gravity test
Mohs Concentration and Dilution Test
Concentration and dilution test
Determination of urine osmolality
Urine acidification function
Filtration sodium excretion rate
Blood uric acid measurement
Common kidney tests
Urine test
Kidney biopsy pathology examination
Kidney function test
Commonly used laboratory diagnoses of hepatobiliary
protein metabolism test
Determination of the ratio of serum total protein STP to albumin ALB and globulin G
clinical significance
Elevated serum total protein and albumin
Shrinkage, adrenal insufficiency
Decreased serum total protein and albumin
Liver cell damage, malnutrition, protein loss, increased consumption, increased serum water content
Increased serum total protein and globulin
Chronic liver disease, M-globulinemia, autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and chronic infection
Decreased serum globulin
Decreased synthesis (physiological, immunosuppressed, congenital hypogamaglobulinaemia
A/G inversion
Decreased albumin or elevated globulin (severe liver damage, M-proteinemia, connective tissue disease
Influencing factors
Vigorous exercise-elevated total protein
Posture - lying position < upright position
Hemolyzed specimen-increased total concentration
Chylo specimen-lipid influence
Determination of special proteins related to liver function
Ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
Serum protein electrophoresis
Liver disease
Albumin decreases, alpha1, 2, beta tend to decrease
Gama ball heightening (beta-gamma bridge)
Chronic hepatitis, decompensated cirrhosis, liver cancer
kidney disease
Albumin and gamma globules decreased
Increased alpha2 and beta (high blood lipids)
Nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy
M proteinemia
Mildly reduced albumin
Monoclonal gamma globulin was significantly increased
M protein appears between gamma, beta or beta and gamma
Multiple myeloma, primary macroglobulinemia
Serum prealbumin PA measurement
reduce
Malnutrition
Hepatobiliary system diseases
increase height
Hodgkin's disease
Plasma coagulation factor measurement
Except III, most are synthesized in the liver
Vit K dependence factors: II, VII, IX, X
Blood ammonia measurement
rise
Severe hepatitis, uremia, gastrointestinal bleeding, portosystemic shunt surgery, high protein diet
reduce
Low protein diet, anemia
C-reactive protein CRP
acute illness
Infectious diseases, coronary atherosclerosis
Evaluate disease activity and efficacy indicators (1-50, mild; >=100, severe bacterial infection)
organ transplant rejection
atherosclerosis
Lipid metabolism function test
Serum enzyme test
Enzyme tests related to liver disease
Aminotransferase (transaminase)
Alanine aminotransferase (alanine aminotransferase) ALT
Liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle (liver cytoplasm)
clinical significance
hepatitis
Sensitive and specific
Recovery Judgment Index
"Bile Enzyme Isolation"
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Heart, liver, bones, kidneys (mitochondria)
clinical significance
Liver disease
acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
alkaline phosphatase ALP
rise
Hepatobiliary diseases
Differential diagnosis of jaundice
Hepatobiliary system diseases (various intrahepatic and intrahepatic bile duct obstructive diseases)
bone disease
Gamma glutamyl transferase GGT assay
Monoamine oxidase MAO
increase height
Liver Fibrosis
MAO, prolyl hydroxylase PH, type III procollagen N-terminal peptide P-III-P
Diabetes, heart failure, hyperthyroidism
reduce
malignant tumors, drugs
Myocardial enzyme test
Lactate dehydrogenase LDH and its isoenzymes
Classification
LDH1: cardiac muscle
LDH3: spleen, lung
LDH5: striated muscle, liver
Creatine kinase CK and its isoenzymes
Classification
CK- BB (brain type)
CK-MB (heart shape)
CK-MM (muscle type)
Mitochondrial CK (CK-Mi)
clinical significance
Increased total CK
myocardial damage
Skeletal muscle injury
Infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites
CK-MB increases
myocardial damage
Crush syndrome, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, muscular atrophy, etc.
Serum other enzymatic tests
Cholinesterase ChE
Acetylcholinesterase AChE
ButyrylcholinesteraseBuChE
clinical significance
Reduced activity
Liver parenchymal damage
Organophosphorus poisoning
Increased activity
Diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, hyperthyroidism, coronary heart disease, fatty liver, myasthenia gravis
Amylase AMY
Increased activity
pancreatitis
Reduced activity
Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer
AMY isoenzyme
Increased P-AMY
acute pancreatitis
S-AMY increases
Mumps, renal insufficiency, tumors
LipaseLPS
Acid phosphatase ACP
Elevated total ACP
prostate disease
blood system diseases
Hyperthyroidism, bone tumors, chronic renal insufficiency
Bilirubin metabolism test
Serum total bilirubin determinationSTB
Too much bilirubin production
Decreased processing capacity of liver cells
Bilirubin excretion disorder
Direct bilirubin determination (conjugated bilirubin) DB
Hepatobiliary diseases
hepatocellular jaundice
obstructive jaundice
Hyperbilirubinemia with increased conjugated bilirubin
Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin) IBD
increase height
Prehepatic jaundice
Drug-induced jaundice (rifampicin, probenecid)
Urine bilirubin test
Identification of jaundice
Obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice - positive
Hemolytic jaundice - negative
Urinary urobilinogen
Increase
Increased destruction of red blood cells in the circulatory system, etc.
Increased bilirubin production in internal bleeding
liver cell damage
Intestinal obstruction, constipation, increased intestinal absorption of urobilinogen
reduce
bile duct obstruction
Newborns or long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (intestinal bacteria are deficient or suppressed by drugs
stool test
clinical hematology tests
General blood tests
Red blood cell count and hemoglobin determination
reference interval
clinical significance
increase
relative increase
concentrate
absolute increase
Secondary
Increased EPO compensation
Physiological
Plateau, newborn, fetus
pathological
severe chronic cardiopulmonary disease
Dyshemoglobinopathies with low oxygen carrying capacity
EPO non-compensatory increase
Tumor, kidney disease, drugs
primary
(polycythemia vera) Myeloproliferative disorders
reduce
Physiological
Babies, the elderly, pregnant women
pathological
anemia
Decreased red blood cell production
Hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation disorders
Hematopoietic substance utilization disorder
Abnormal bone marrow invasion and low hematopoietic function
Hematopoietic substance deficiency
Iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
Too much red blood cell destruction
Intrinsic abnormalities in red blood cells
Membrane abnormalities, enzyme defects, hemoglobin abnormalities
External abnormalities of red blood cells
Immunity, mechanics, physicochemistry, biology
Acute and chronic blood loss
morphological changes
Abnormal size
microerythrocytes
Iron deficiency, globin production disorder, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
large red blood cells
Acute blood loss anemia, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, liver disease, splenectomy
giant red blood cells
Long-term deficiency of folic acid and VitB12
Uneven size of red blood cells
Abnormal morphology
spheroidal red blood cells
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
oval red blood cells
Megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc.
stomatocytes
Acute alcoholism, tumors, DIC
target red blood cells
globin aplastic anemia (thalassemia)
sickle red blood cells
teardrop shaped cells
myelofibrosis
acanthocytes
Severe liver disease, congenital beta lipoprotein deficiency, post-splenectomy, uremia
Schistocytes/Amorphous red blood cells
physical factors damage
DIC, severe burns
thread-like formation
Multiple myeloma, primary macroglobulinemia
Abnormal staining reaction
Hypochromic
hyperpigmentation
pleochrophilia/polychromatism
Structural abnormality
Basophilic stippling
Heavy metal damage
chromatin body
kabo ring
nucleated red blood cells
Hematocrit and red blood cell related parameters
Hematocrit
reference interval
Male 0.45 (0.4-0.5), female 0.4 (0.37-0.48)
clinical significance
increase height
Relative increase - concentration
Absolute heightening-authenticity
reduce
anemia
mean red blood cell index
mean corpuscular volumeMCV
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC
Red blood cell volume distribution width RDW
White blood cell test
White blood cell countWBC
Differential counting of white blood cells (LDC)
neutrophils
increase
pathological
acute infection
severe tissue damage
acute blood loss
acute poisoning
Uremia
malignant tumor
myeloproliferative disease
reduce
Infect
blood system diseases
Physical and chemical damage
Hyperfunction of the monocyte-macrophage system
autoimmune disease
systemic lupus erythematosus
Nuclear image changes
nuclear left shift
Acute purulent infection, acute blood loss, acute poisoning, acute hemolytic reaction, leukemia, leukemia-like reaction
nuclear right shift
Hematopoietic function decline (megaloblastic anemia, hematopoietic function decline, post-antimetabolite drug use, inflammation recovery period)
Abnormal morphology
toxic changes
Uneven cell size
Purulent inflammation or chronic infection with a long course of disease
Poison particles
vacuolar denaturation
Dürer body
nuclear degeneration
multilobulated neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and after treatment with antimetabolite drugs
rod body
acute leukemia
Genetically related
eosinophils
increase
allergic disease
parasitic infection
skin disease
Hematological diseases and certain malignant tumors
Certain infectious diseases (scarlet fever)
hypereosinophilic syndrome
reduce
basophils
increase
allergic diseases
blood disease
malignant tumor
Lymphocytes
increase
Infectious diseases
Viral infections: measles, mumps, infectious mononucleosis
Other pathogens: tuberculosis
neoplastic disease
acute infectious disease recovery period
Relative increase (decreased proportion of neutrophils)
reduce
Exposure to radiation, administration of adrenocortical hormones
Certain drugs, immunodeficiency diseases, etc.
relative reduction
Atypical lymphocytes
increase
Infect
Drug allergy
Blood transfusion, hemodialysis, extracorporeal circulation
Immune diseases, agranulocytosis, radiation therapy
monocytes
increase
Infect
acute infection recovery period
Chronic infections (cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, Brucella infection)
Subacute bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, malaria, active tuberculosis
blood disease
connective tissue disease
malignant tumor
Gastrointestinal diseases
reduce
leukemoid reaction
Features
identify
Neutrophilic leukemia-like reaction
Increased NAP score (neutrophil alkaline phosphatase)
chronic myelogenous leukemia
The NAP score (neutrophil alkaline phosphatase) decreases, even to 0
Ph‘ chromosomes visible
Platelet test
count
reduce
Reduced generation
Aplastic anemia, radiation damage, megablasts
Increased destruction
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus
Increased consumption
DIC
Distribution anomaly
Splenomegaly, hemodilution
increase
primary
Reactivity
mean platelet volumeMPV
Examination of reticulocytes
increase
Exuberant proliferation of red blood cells in bone marrow (acute blood loss)
reduce
Reduced bone marrow hematopoietic function or inhibited erythroid proliferation (aplastic anemia, bone marrow hematopoietic insufficiency)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR
increase speed
inflammatory diseases
tissue damage and necrosis
malignant tumor
Hyperglobulinemia
anemia
slow down
other
Anemia classification
According to the progression rate of anemia
According to the shape of red blood cells
According to Hb concentration
According to bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia status
dysplastic anemia
aplastic anemia
proliferative anemia
aplastic anemia
globinogenic anemia
Thrombus and Hemostasis Detection
Blood vessel wall detection
Capillary Resistance Test CRT/Capillary Fragility Test CFR/Band Arm Test
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
allergic purpura
Vitamin C or P deficiency
Abnormal platelet count or function
Von Willebrand Disease vWD
Bleeding time BT
Prolonged (thrombocytopenia or abnormal function)
severe deficiency of certain clotting factors
Vascular abnormalities
drug interference
shortening (prothrombotic state or thrombotic disease)
Platelet test
platelet count
reduce
Generative disorder
increased destruction or consumption
Distribution anomaly
increase
Platelet-associated immunoglobulin assay
Coagulation factor measurement
Activated partial thromboplastin time assayAPTT
Plasma prothrombin time measurement PT
plasma fibrinogen
Anticoagulation function test
Fibrinolytic activity assay
Plasma fibrin(ogen) degradation products determination FDP
Plasma D-dimer measurement
Plasma thrombin time TT
Selection and application of test items
Primary hemostatic defects-vascular and platelet defects (BT, PLT)
Secondary hemostatic defects-coagulation factor defects (APTT, PT)
bone marrow cytology examination
Commonly used blood cell chemical stains
Peroxidase staining POX
Differentiate between AML and ALL
Sudan black dyeing
Same as POX
Esterase staining
Differentiating T-ALL and AML
alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase staining
SE staining
ACP staining
PAS staining/Yuhara staining
Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase staining
iron stain
Clinical significance of bone marrow cytology examination
Indications and contraindications
Grading and standards of bone marrow hyperplasia
Tumor markers and viral hepatitis indicators
Tumor MarkersTM
Primary liver cancer tumor markers
5’-Nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzyme (5’-NPD-v)
Primary/secondary liver cancer
Some HBsAg➕patients
Abnormal prothrombin APT
Primary liver cancer (90), metastatic liver cancer (40-50)
CH, vitK deficiency
Other isozymes
gamma glutamyltransferase II, GGT2
Alkaline phosphatase and isoenzyme I, ALP-A
Curlase isoenzyme A (ALD-A)
Embryonic Antigens and Proteins
Alpha-fetoprotein AFP, alphaFP
Primary liver cancer patients PHC (HCC)
Viral hepatitis, cirrhosis
gonadal embryonal carcinoma
pregnant woman
carcinoembryonic antigen CEA
Broad spectrum malignant tumor markers (gastrointestinal, breast, lung cancer)
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4)
Gastrointestinal tumor and ovarian cancer markers (relevant antigens)
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)
Pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal related tumors
Cancer Antigen-50 (CA-50)
Not very specific
Cancer Antigen-242 (CA-242)
pancreatic cancer, colon cancer
cancer antigen 15-2
breast cancer
CA15-3
breast cancer
cancer antigen 125
ovarian cancer
squamous cell carcinoma antigen
Squamous cell carcinoma
Prostate-specific antigen (related)
prostate cancer
Cytokeratin 19 (CYFR21-1)
lung cancer
Cytokeratin 19 fragment
non-small cell lung cancer
Enzymes
alpha-fucosylglycerase AFU
AFU⬆️➕AFP➡️HCC
Metastatic liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian and uterine cancer
active liver disease
prostatic acid phosphatase PAP
prostate cancer
neuron-specific enolase NSE
Small cell lung cancer SCLC, neuroblastoma
tissue peptide antigen TPA
non-specific
human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
Embryonoma
Calcitonin CT
medullary thyroid cancer
viral hepatitis indicators
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E