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Urine test mind map
This is a mind map about urine testing, which mainly includes urine chemical testing and urine physical testing. The template introduction is detailed and practical, everyone is welcome to refer to it.
Edited at 2023-11-04 23:09:30
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Urine test mind map
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- Outline
Urine test
urinalysis test
Urine volume: Generally refers to the total volume of urine excreted from the body within 24 hours (changes in urine volume mainly depend on the glomerular filtration rate, renal tubular reabsorption, and concentration and dilution functions)
Reference interval: Adults: 1~2L/24h, approximately 1mL/(h.kg); Children: The urine output calculated per kilogram of body weight is 3 to 4 times that of adults.
clinical significance
Polyuria: When the urine output in 24 hours in adults is greater than 2.5L, and in children, the urine output in 24 hours is greater than 3L, it is called polyuria.
Physiological polyuria: polyuria caused by physiological or exogenous factors due to normal kidney function. (Can be seen in: drinking too much water; less sweating in cold weather; mental stress; too much intravenous fluid infusion; application of caffeine, dehydrating agents, diuretics, etc.)
Pathological polyuria: often caused by decreased glomerular reabsorption and concentrating functions.
Oliguria: Adult urine output in 24 hours is less than 0.4L or hourly urine output is continuously less than 17mL (less than 0.8mL/kg in children) is called oliguria.
Physiological oliguria: seen when the body is dehydrated or sweats excessively.
Pathology Oliguria:
Anuria: In adults, the urine output in 24 hours is less than 0.1L or there is no urine excretion within 12 hours; in children, the urine output in 24 hours is less than 50 mL, which is called anuria, and further development to the inability to discharge urine is called anuria. (Acute renal tubular necrosis caused by nephrotoxic substances such as mercury, carbon tetrachloride, diethylene glycol and other nephrotoxic substances can often suddenly cause oliguria and anuria.)
Urine smell
Reference interval: Fresh urine has a faint aromatic odor.
Clinical significance: The smell of fresh urine in healthy people is composed of esters produced by the kidneys and volatile acids contained in urine, and is significantly affected by food or drugs.
Abnormal odor in fresh urine and its causes
Ammonia smell - chronic cystitis, chronic urinary retention
Putrid smell - urinary tract infection, advanced bladder cancer
Rotten apple smell - diabetic ketoacidosis
Garlic smell - organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
Rat odor - phenylketonuria
Sweet maple syrup smell - maple syrup urine disease
Urine color and clarity
Normal fresh urine: mostly light yellow to yellow, clear and transparent.
Urine transparency is divided into
Clear and transparent - no particulate matter visible to the naked eye
Slightly turbid (foggy) - there is a small amount of visible particulate matter, but the words on the newspaper can be read clearly through the urine
Turbidity (cloudy) - there are visible particulate matter, and the words on the newspaper are blurred through the urine
Noticeable turbidity - you cannot see the words on the newspaper through the urine
clinical significance
Physiological changes
1) The color of urine is related to the amount of urine volume: if the urine volume is large, the urine color will be light; if the urine volume is small, the urine color will be darker.
2) Urine color is related to food: For example, eating a large amount of carrots, papaya, etc. can make the urine dark yellow, and eating a large amount of aloe vera can make the urine red.
3) Menstrual blood pollution can make female urine appear light red or red.
4) The effects of various drugs on urine color.
Pathological changes
red
1) Hematuria: When the urine contains a certain amount of red blood cells, it is called hematuria.
Due to the different blood content in urine, it can appear light red, blood red, or like meat washing water;
If the blood content per liter of urine exceeds 1 mL, the urine will appear light red or red, which is called gross hematuria;
If there is no obvious change in the appearance of the urine, and the average number of red blood cells per high-power field of view during centrifugal urine sediment microscopy is no less than 3 red blood cells, it is called microscopic hematuria.
After excluding the contamination of women’s menstrual blood, the causes of hematuria are found in:
① Urinary system diseases, such as renal tuberculosis, renal or urethral stones, congenital malformations, renal tumors, etc.
② Reproductive system diseases, such as prostatitis, fallopian tube inflammation, cervical cancer, etc.
③Bleeding diseases, such as hemophilia, etc.
④The influence of drugs. For example, taking anti-tuberculosis drugs rifamycins can cause urine to turn brick red, which should be distinguished from naked hematuria.
⑤Others, such as cardiovascular disease; strenuous exercise in healthy people can occasionally cause transient hematuria.
2) Hemoglobinuria: urine is dark red, brownish red or even soy sauce color
Reason: During intravascular hemolysis, broken red blood cells release hemoglobin, which exceeds the binding capacity of globin, resulting in an increase in plasma free hemoglobin. And because the relative molecular weight of hemoglobin is small, it can be filtered into the original urine through the glomerulus and exceed the renal tubule. The reabsorption threshold causes hemoglobinuria.
Found in: favismosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, immune hemolytic anemia, etc.
3) Myoglobinuria: urine is pink or dark red
Reason: Due to muscle cell damage and rupture, myoglobin is released. Its relative molecular mass is only 17,000, and it is easily filtered from the glomerulus, causing myoglobinuria.
Seen in: extensive damage and degeneration of muscle tissue, such as acute myocardial infarction, large area burns, trauma, etc. (Occasionally seen in healthy people after strenuous exercise)
4) Porphyria: urine is red wine color
Seen in: Congenital abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism. (It is also found in drugs, food, etc. that can also make urine appear red) Porphyrins, drugs, food, etc. cause urine to appear red, which is called pseudohematuria.
Identification of red urine caused by different reasons:
dark yellow
It is most common in bilirubinuria, which is urine containing a large amount of conjugated bilirubin. The foam in the urine also turns yellow after shaking. (This point can be distinguished from drug-induced dark yellow urine. The foam of drug-induced dark yellow urine turns milky white after shaking, and the qualitative test of bilirubin is negative)
Bilirubinuria is common in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice. (After prolonged exposure, bilirubin in urine is oxidized to biliverdin, making urine brown-green)
White
1) Chyluria and fatty urine
Chyluria: Due to the rupture of lymphatic vessels in the urinary system or the obstruction of deep lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid enters the urine, resulting in milky white and turbid urine.
Lipouria: Fat droplets in the urine. (Fat droplets appear in blood and urine due to damage to lipid cells)
Chyluria: Found in filariasis, but also in abdominal lymphatic tuberculosis, tumor compression of the thoracic duct and abdominal lymphatic vessels, nephrotic syndrome, renal tubular degeneration, thoracoabdominal trauma, or other reasons causing obstruction of lymphatic circulation around the kidneys. Faturia: Found in adipose tissue extrusion injury, fractures, nephrotic syndrome, renal tubular degeneration and necrosis, etc.
2) Pyuria and bacteriuria
Commonly seen in purulent infections of the genitourinary system, prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis, etc.
The appearance of pyuria is yellow-white or white turbidity, which is caused by the urine containing a large number of pus cells and inflammatory exudates.
Pus cells and inflammatory exudates in pyuria can sink and form a white cloud-like precipitate after standing. Bacteriuria contains There are a lot of bacteria, it is cloudy and turbid, and it does not sink after standing.
3) Crystalluria
Yellowish-white, off-white or light pink turbid
Reason: Mainly because the urine contains a high concentration of salts, the urine is transparent when it is first excreted from the body. When the external environment drops, the solubility of the salts decreases, and the salt crystals precipitate quickly, making the urine turbid. (If the patient excretes salt crystals in urine for a long time, it may easily lead to infection or stone formation)
In inflammatory diseases, the three-cup urine test can be used to initially understand the site of inflammation and assist in clinical differential diagnosis.
Dark brown: Common in severe hematuria and denatured hemoglobinuria, it can also be seen in tyrosinosis, phenol poisoning, alkuric acidemia, or melanoma.
Blue color: Mainly seen in diaper cyanide syndrome, often caused by too much urinary blue derivative blue in urine. (It can also be seen in some gastrointestinal diseases caused by excessive green urine and green production, as well as the influence of certain drugs or foods)
Light green: Commonly seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, increased biliverdin in urine, and after taking certain drugs, such as indomethacin, methylene blue, amitriptyline, etc.
Nearly colorless: common in diseases with increased urine output such as diabetes insipidus and diabetes.
Dense urine
Refers to the weight ratio of urine to the same volume of pure water at 4°C (commonly known as specific gravity). (Because urine contains 3% to 5% solid matter, the specific density of urine is often greater than that of pure water.)
reference interval
Adult: random urine 1.003-1.030, morning urine >1.020
Newborn: 1.002-1.004
Clinical significance: It can roughly reflect the concentrating and diluting functions of renal tubules
High specific density of urine: Morning urine density is generally higher than 1.025. (Generally, the morning urine density ratio is 1.025 Above, when there is no sugar and protein in the urine, it means that the kidney function is sound. )
Pathological high specific density of urine is seen in: ① Reduced urine output and increased specific density of urine: seen in acute nephritis, liver disease, heart failure, shock, high fever, dehydration or excessive perspiration, etc. ② Increased urine output and increased urine specific density: common in diabetes and the use of radiographic contrast agents.
Low specific density urine (hypotonic urine, refers to morning urine density consistently lower than 1.015)
If the specific density of urine is fixed at 1.010±0.003 (close to the specific density of glomerular filtrate), it is called isotonic urine, indicating that the concentrating and diluting functions of the kidneys are seriously damaged.
Low specific density urine is seen in the polyuria phase of acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, tubulointerstitial disease and acute tubular necrosis.
Diabetes insipidus often presents with severe low specific density (SG <1.003)
The determination of urinary density is helpful in the identification of diabetes with polyuria (high density of urine) and diabetes insipidus with polyuria.
drug effects
Drugs that can increase urine density include dextran, contrast media, sucrose, etc.
Drugs that can reduce urinary density include aminoglycosides, lithium, methoxyflurane, etc.
Urine osmosis volume: Urine osmosis volume refers to the total number of all solute particles (molecules or ions, etc.) with osmotic activity in urine.
Urine osmosis accurately reflects the concentration and dilution functions of the kidneys and is a better indicator for evaluating the concentration function of the kidneys.
Reference interval: 600～1000 mOsm/(kg.H2O). The maximum range within 24 hours is 40~1400 m0sm/(kg.H2O).
clinical significance
Determine the concentrating and diluting functions of the kidneys
Differentiating renal and prerenal oliguria
Methodological evaluation: Both urine specific density and urine osmosis volume can reflect the content of solutes in urine. 1) Urine specific density measurement is simpler and cheaper than urine osmosis measurement, but urine specific density measurement is easily affected by the properties of the solute; while urine osmosis volume is not affected by macromolecules in the specimen and is only related to the number of solute particles. It is better than urine density in evaluating the concentration and dilution functions of the kidneys. 2) Urine leakage detection has complicated steps and is not as simple, fast and economical as urinary specific density. Its current clinical application is not as extensive as urinary specific density.
urine chemistry test
pH
It is one of the important indicators that reflects the kidney's ability to regulate the body's internal environment and the acid-base balance of body fluids. (The pH value of urine is mainly related to the relative contents of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate in the urine)
Reference range: Under normal diet, morning urine is mostly weakly acidic
Morning urine: PH5.5-6.5
Random urine: PH4.5-8.0
clinical significance
Urine acidity testing is mainly used to understand the body's acid-base balance and electrolyte balance. It is an important tool for clinical diagnosis of respiratory tract diseases. One of the important indicators of sexual or metabolic acid/alkalosis, it can also be used as a guide by observing changes in urine pH. medicine, preventing the formation of stones, etc.
Physiological and pathological changes
drug effects
① Using ammonium chloride to acidify urine can promote the excretion of alkaline drugs from urine. For those who use tetracyclines and nitrofurantoin, It is very beneficial to treat urinary tract infections.
②Using sodium bicarbonate to alkalize urine can promote the excretion of acidic drugs from urine, often used for aminoglycosides, cephalosporins When antibiotics such as bacteriocin, macrolide, and chloramphenicol are used to treat urinary tract infections.
③When a hemolytic reaction occurs, oral administration of sodium bicarbonate can alkalize the urine and promote the dissolution and excretion of hemoglobin.
proteinuria
Urinary protein exceeds 150 mg/24 h or exceeds 100 mg/L, and urine protein qualitative test is positive. (The protein in random urine is only 0~80 mg/L, which cannot be detected by conventional qualitative methods, so the qualitative urine protein test is negative)
Detection methods and principles
1) Test strip method: Under the condition of pH 3.2, the acid-base indicator (bromophenol blue) generates anions and combines with the protein with cations to form a complex, causing further ionization of the indicator. When the buffer range is exceeded, the color of the indicator changes. , the depth of color is directly proportional to the protein content.
2) Sulfosalicylic acid method: In an acidic environment slightly lower than the isoelectric point of the protein, sulfosalicylate ions combine with protein amino acid cations to form insoluble protein salts and precipitate.
3) Heated acetic acid method: The protein is denatured and coagulated by heat, and dilute acid is added to lower the urine pH and precipitate near the isoelectric point.
Methodological evaluation
1. Trial strip method: Advantages: Simple, fast and easy to standardize, suitable for health census or clinical screening. Sensitivity and specificity: sensitive to albumin, insensitive to globulin, not suitable for protein detection in patients with kidney disease.
2. Sulfosalicylic acid method: (1) It is easy to operate, sensitive in response, and the results are displayed quickly. It can react with albumin, globulin, glycoprotein, and albumin. (2) The detection sensitivity reaches 50 mg/L, but there are certain false positives. (3) Reference method for detecting urine protein by dry chemical method. (4) False negatives may occur when the urine is alkaline (pH>9) or acidic (pH<3). Therefore, urine pH should be adjusted to 5-6.
3. Heating acetic acid method: (1) The method is classic and accurate, but the operation is cumbersome and complicated. (2) The detection of urinary protein has strong specificity, few interfering factors, and can react with both albumin and globulin, with a sensitivity of 150 mg/L. (3) False negatives may occur when the urine is alkaline (pH>9) or acidic (pH<3). Therefore, urine pH should be adjusted to 5-6.
reference interval
Qualitative experiment: negative
clinical significance
1. Physiological proteinuria (proteinuria caused by changes in internal and external environmental factors of the body is called physiological proteinuria)
2. Pathological proteinuria
(1) Glomerular proteinuria: Glomerular proteinuria is the most common type of proteinuria. According to the degree of filtration membrane damage and the components of urinary protein, it can be divided into selective proteinuria and non-selective proteinuria.
(2) Renal tubular proteinuria: refers to the protein that appears mainly with smaller relative molecular weight when the renal tubules are infected, poisoned, damaged, or secondary to glomerular disease, and the reabsorption capacity is reduced or inhibited. Urine. Common in renal tubular damage diseases.
(3) Mixed proteinuria: Proteinuria caused by lesions involving glomeruli and renal tubules simultaneously or successively is called mixed proteinuria.
4) Overflow proteinuria: The glomerular filtration function and renal tubular reabsorption function are both normal. Due to the relatively small relative molecular weight or the abnormal increase of positively charged proteins in the plasma, the glomerular filtration exceeds the renal tubular reabsorption capacity. The resulting proteinuria is called overflow proteinuria.
(5) Organizational proteinuria: Organizational proteinuria refers to proteinuria formed by protein produced by renal tubular metabolism, tissue destruction and decomposition, inflammation or drug stimulation of urinary system secretion, and entering the urine.
Pathological proteinuria can be divided into prerenal proteinuria, renal proteinuria, and postrenal proteinuria according to the location where proteinuria occurs.
urine glucose
Urine sugar (mainly refers to glucose): urine with a positive qualitative urine sugar test.
Whether sugar appears in urine depends on: 1) the concentration of glucose in the blood; 2) the blood flow through the kidneys per minute; 3) the ability of the renal tubular epithelial cells to reabsorb glucose
reference interval
Qualitative test: negative
Clinical significance: Urine glucose testing is mainly used for endocrine diseases; blood glucose should be measured at the same time during urine glucose testing to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
Physiological diabetes
1) Consuming a large amount of sugary foods and drinks in a short period of time can cause a temporary increase in blood sugar and lead to positive urine glucose. Intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose solution can cause increased urine glucose.
2) Other glycosuria: When eating too much lactose, galactose, fructose, pentose, sucrose, etc. or being affected by genetic factors, the concentration in the blood increases and corresponding glycosuria occurs.
3) Lactosuria may occur in late pregnancy and lactation
transient diabetes
① Stress-induced diabetes: Temporary hyperglycemia and transient glycosuria may occur due to craniocerebral trauma, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, or emotional excitement.
②Lactosuria may occur in the late pregnancy and lactation period.
pathological diabetes
1) Hyperglycemic glycosuria: Metabolic glycosuria: Hyperglycemia caused by disordered glucose metabolism due to abnormal secretion of endocrine hormones. A typical metabolic disease is diabetes. Endocrine glycosuria.
2) Euglycemic glycosuria: Also known as renal glycosuria, it is caused by the decrease in the ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose and the renal glucose threshold.
3) Stress glycosuria: Temporary hyperglycemia and glycosuria may occur due to craniocerebral trauma, acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, or emotional excitement.
4) Other urine glucose: Urine glucose appears due to liver and pancreatic diseases, damage to the central nervous system, and drugs due to various hormonal abnormalities. At the same time, detecting blood and urine glucose is helpful in identifying the type and course of the disease.
Urinary ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are the collective name for acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (approximately 78%) and acetone (approximately 2%).
reference interval
Qualitative: negative; Quantitative: 170～420mg/L based on acetone, acetoacetic acid ≤20mg/L
clinical significance
The detection of urine ketones is mainly used for the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Urinary bilirubin
Bilirubin is an intermediate product of hemoglobin catabolism. There are three types: conjugated bilirubin (CB), unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and δ-bilirubin. The former two are dominant in plasma. (The content of conjugated bilirubin in the blood of healthy people is very low and cannot be detected in urine. When liver cells are damaged or biliary excretion is obstructed due to various reasons, the conjugated bilirubin in the blood increases and can be excreted in the urine. ) (Because unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in water, it is combined with proteins in the blood and cannot pass glomerular filtration. The content of δ-bilirubin is very low, and both cannot be detected in urine.)
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: 1) Used for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of xanthelasma. Positive urine bilirubin is seen in cholestatic jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice, and negative for hemolytic jaundice; 2) Used for congenital hyperbilirubin. Identification of bloodemia; 3) Determining bile pigment metabolism
Urobilinogen and urobilin
Urobilinogen (UBG) is a metabolite of bilirubin.
reference interval
1. Urobilinogen qualitative negative or weakly positive (negative at 1:20 dilution)
2. Qualitatively negative urobilin
Clinical significance:
Urine hemoglobin
Normal human plasma contains a small amount of free hemoglobin (HB), and there is no free hemoglobin in urine.
Three factors affect the formation of hemoglobinuria: 1) free hemoglobinuria in plasma; 2) haptoglobinuria; 3) renal tubular reabsorption capacity
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: 1) Diagnosis of intravascular hemolytic diseases; 2) urinary system diseases and related diseases and observation of their efficacy; 3) Observation of the efficacy of treatment of systemic diseases; 4) Differentiation of hemoglobinuria and hematuria.
Urine nitrite
Urinary nitrite (NIT) mainly comes from the reduction reaction of nitrate by pathogenic bacteria, and secondly comes from nitric oxide (NO) in the body. (Endothelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, etc. in body fluids use arginine to generate NO under the action of enzymes, and NO is easily oxidized into nitrite and nitrate under aerobic conditions in the body)
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: Mainly used for rapid screening of urinary tract infections. It is highly correlated with Escherichia coli infection. Positive results often indicate the presence of bacteria, but the degree of positivity is not directly proportional to the number of bacteria. There are many influencing factors for a single test of NIT. A negative result cannot rule out the possibility of bacteriuria, and a positive result cannot completely confirm that it is a urinary system infection. When interpreting the results, it can be combined with leukocyte esterase and urine sediment microscopy for comprehensive analysis. Urine bacterial culture is a confirmatory test.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): secreted by placental syncytiotrophoblasts
Detection method: Monoclonal immunocolloidal gold method (ideal method for early pregnancy diagnosis)
Reference interval: 1) Qualitative: negative; 2) Quantitative: <25IU/L
Clinical significance: 1) Diagnosis of early pregnancy; 2) Ectopic pregnancy (if early hCG does not double every 1.5 to 3 days and there are no signs of intrauterine pregnancy on ultrasound imaging, ectopic pregnancy should be highly suspected); 3) Threatened abortion ( In miscarriage treatment, if hCG continues to decrease, it means miscarriage is ineffective; if hCG continues to rise, miscarriage is successful; 4) Tumor markers (increased hcG in male urine can be seen in seminomas, teratomas, etc.) )
Chyluria and lipuria
Protein of the Week (BJP)
It can freely pass through the glomerular filtration membrane and is excreted in the urine when the concentration exceeds the reabsorption capacity of the proximal tubule.
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: 1) Diagnosis of multiple myeloma. 99% of patients with multiple myeloma have increased serum or urine M protein, which is one of the important basis for diagnosis; 2) Diagnosis of macroglobulinemia; 3) Diagnosis of other diseases. (Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, chronic nephritis, nephritis, renal cancer and renal amyloidosis may also have protein in their urine)
Trace albumin: refers to the albumin content in urine that exceeds the reference range of healthy people, but cannot be detected by conventional test strip methods.
The detection of urinary microalbumin is a sensitive and reliable diagnostic indicator for early kidney disease.
Reference interval: expressed as the total amount of urinary albumin excretion in 24 hours, that is, the urinary albumin excretion rate. Adult: (1.27±0.78)mg/mmol Cr or (11.21±6.93)mg/g Cr.
Clinical significance: 1) Mainly used for the diagnosis of early kidney damage; 2) It is one of the diagnostic indicators for renal damage in patients with cardiovascular disease and hypertension; 3) Microalbuminuria is also found in: ① most glomerular diseases, Lupus nephritis, tubulointerstitial diseases, etc.; ② Hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, obese patients; ③ Autoimmune diseases; ④ Liver cancer, cirrhosis; ⑤ Multiple myeloma renal failure stage, etc.; ⑥ Severe Exercise, heavy drinking, etc.; ⑦ Pregnancy preeclampsia.
Hemosiderin qualitative test
What is hemosiderin? When bleeding occurs in the tissue, the red blood cells that escape from the blood vessels are ingested by macrophages and degraded in lysosomes. The Fe3 of the hemoglobin of the red blood cells combines with the protein to form ferritin particles visible under the electron microscope. Several ferritin particles aggregate into light microscope. The brownish-yellow thicker refractive particles visible below are called hemosiderin.
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: Positive results are common in chronic intravascular hemolysis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, marching myoglobinuria, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, severe muscle diseases, etc. (However, in the early stage of hemolysis, although there is hemoglobinuria, the hemoglobin has not yet been taken up by the renal epithelial cells and hemosiderin has not been formed. At this time, the test may be negative)
Myoglobin (Mb): Mainly found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. When striated muscle tissue is damaged, a large amount of Mb is released outside the cells and enters the blood circulation. Because of its relatively small molecular weight, it can be quickly filtered through the glomerulus. Appears in urine. Its appearance is dark red, soy sauce color, etc., and there are no red blood cells when examined under a microscope.
Reference interval: negative
Clinical significance: 1) Paroxysmal myoglobinuria: urine seen 72 hours after strenuous exercise (such as marathon running) or muscle cramps; 2) Marching myoglobinuria: after inertial excessive exercise; 3) Local tissue loss Hemorrhagic myoglobinuria; 4) Primary muscle diseases: muscular atrophy, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, etc.; 5) Metabolic myoglobinuria; 6) Trauma; 7) Hypoxia; 8) Others: Myoglobinuria can also occur in primary myoglobinuria, familial myoglobinuria, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.
leukocyte esterase
Clinical significance: Positive reactions are mainly seen in: ① Primary or secondary infection of the kidney, especially acute and chronic pyelonephritis caused by bacterial infection, renal cyst, etc. ② Urinary system infections: such as urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, vaginitis, gonorrhea, etc. ③Other diseases such as urethral obstruction, urethrolithiasis, bladder cancer, urethra cancer and other diseases.
Vitamin C
Clinical significance: Determine whether the test results of other items are interfered by vitamin C