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MindMap Gallery Molecules that make up cells (1)
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Molecules that make up cells (1)
Mind map of the molecules that make up a cell (1). Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information: ① DNA is composed of two deoxynucleotide chains, and RNA is composed of a ribonucleotide chain. ② Two nucleotides are dehydrated and condensed. —Phosphodiester bond, ③ hydrogen bonding between two deoxyribonucleotides
Edited at 2023-10-15 10:11:41
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molecules that make up cells
elements and compounds in cells
elements that make up cells
Lots of elements
C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg
trace elements
Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo
compounds that make up cells
Main compounds
Water, protein, lipid, sugar, inorganic matter
Fresh weight: water, protein, lipid, sugar
Dry weight: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
Detect sugars, fats, and proteins in biological tissues
Reducing sugar (only needs water bath heating) Fehling's reagent (added to turn brick red)
glucose
fructose
maltose
Notes: ① No watermelon, blood, green leaves are used ② Potatoes are not used (rich in starch) ③ Sugar cane and beets are not used (rich in sucrose, sucrose is not a reducing sugar) ④ A is mixed in equal amounts and ready for use)
starch
Iodine solution (add to turn blue)
Fat (① only requires a microscope ② only requires 50% alcohol, the alcohol will wash away the floating color)
Sudan ③ (orange color) Sudan ④ (red color)
protein
Biuret reagent (turns blue when added)
①First add biuret reagent A solution (to create an alkaline environment)
②Add biuret reagent B solution (providing Cu ions)
inorganic substances in cells
water in cells
good solvent
Provide biological fluid environment
transport metabolism
Participate in chemical reactions
free water and bound water
free water
①The less free water, the lower metabolism ②Seeds that lose free water still maintain physiological activity
bound water
① The more bound water, the stronger the stress resistance. ② Seeds that lose bound water lose their physiological activity.
inorganic salts in cells
Mostly exist in the form of ions
Cations with more content: Na, K, Ca2, Mg2, Fe2, Fe3
Anions with high content: Cl-, SO4 ion, PO4 ion, HCO3 ion
① It is a component of some important compounds ② Maintains the life activities of cells and organisms ③ Maintains the acid-base balance of cells ④ Maintains the normal shape of cells
Sugars and lipids in cells
Sugar is the main energy substance
Monosaccharide
five carbon sugar
Ribose (the main substance of RNA)
Deoxyribose (the main substance of DNA)
six carbon sugar
Glucose (found in all cells)
Main energy substances
Fructose (plant cells)
provide energy
Galactose (animal cells)
provide energy
disaccharide
sucrose
glucose
fructose
maltose
glucose
glucose
Lactose (animal body)
glucose
galactose
polysaccharide
starch
plant root, stem, root, fruit
glycogen
liver glycogen
Store energy and regulate blood sugar
muscle glycogen
store energy
Cellulose (seeds of food crops)
cell wall
Support, maintain cells
Chitin (crustacean and insect exoskeletons)
Lipids (①Main elements: C, H, O; some also have P, N②Usually insoluble in water, soluble in fat-soluble organic solvents)
Fat
most common lipids
Three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol (triacylglycerol)
Good energy storage substance in cells
Phospholipids
Constitutes cell membranes and important components of various organelles (C, H, O, P, N)
Sterols (an important component of animal cell membranes)
cholesterol
sex hormones
Vitamin D
Protein is the main carrier of life activities
Function
structural protein
information transfer and regulation
catalysis
transport function
Immunity
The basic building blocks of protein—amino acids
General formula (read it in your own book😘)
Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information
Types and distribution
DNA (in eukaryotic cells, it is also found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts)
RNA (cytoplasm)
Nucleic acids are long chains of linked nucleotides
A nucleotide is composed of a molecule of nitrogenous base, a molecule of five-carbon sugar, and a molecule of phosphoric acid
Nucleotide
deoxyribonucleotide
Ribonucleotide
①DNA is composed of two deoxynucleotide chains, and RNA is composed of a ribonucleotide chain. ②The dehydration condensation of two nucleotides - phosphodiester bond. ③The two deoxynucleotides are connected by hydrogen bonds.
Biological macromolecules use carbon chains as skeletons
Nitrogenous base
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)—unique to DNA
Uracil (U)—unique to RNA
dry weight
C,O,N,H
Fresh weight
O,H,N,P