MindMap Gallery Pathophysiology mind map
This is a mind map about pathophysiology, including an introduction to diseases, water and electrolyte metabolism disorders, acid-base balance disorders, etc. I hope it will be helpful to you!
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
sick student
1. Introduction
pathophysiology
basic pathological process
2. Overview of diseases
disease related concepts
disease
healthy
Sub-health
Etiology
Cause
Five outside and three inside
exogenous causes
Biology, physicochemistry, environmental ecology, nutrition, social-psychology
endogenous factors
genetics, innateness, immunity
condition
condition
inducement
risk factors
Pathogenesis
disease outcome
recovery
recover completely
incomplete recovery
die
die
brain death
death process
Dying stage, clinical death stage, biological death stage
death sign
Permanent cessation of heartbeat and breathing
brain death criteria
Spontaneous respiratory arrest (primary indicator), irreversible deep coma, loss of brainstem nerve reflexes, disappearance of brain waves, and complete cessation of cerebral blood circulation
3. Water and electrolyte metabolism disorders
Water and sodium metabolism disorders
Normal water and sodium balance (135-145mmol/L) Eat more and eat more Eat less and eat less Not eating or excreting
Human body fluids account for 60% of body weight, and thin boys account for 80%
Intracellular fluid (ICF) 40% Na Cl- HCO3-
Extracellular fluid (ECF) 20% K Mg2 HPO42- Pr-
(290-310mmol/L) Plasma osmotic pressure = crystal osmotic pressure (NaCl) colloid osmotic pressure (albumin)
Physiological functions of water
Promote material metabolism, regulate temperature, lubricate, and bind water
water balance
Three in and four out
Enter: eating, drinking, body metabolism
Out: urine, skin, breath, stool
Water and sodium regulation
One thick and three thin
thick
thirst
thin:
Antidiuretic hormone ADH (water retention)
Hypothalamic supraventricular nucleus, paraventricular nucleus secretion
Acts on distant tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells
Aldosterone ADS (sodium preservation and potassium elimination)
adrenal gland secretion
Acts on distant tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells
ANP natriuretic peptide
atrial cytoplasm
Water and sodium metabolism disorders
Too little water
dehydration
Hypertonic dehydration (hypovolemic hypernatremia)
Lose more water than Na (mainly water loss)
Serum Na concentration>150mmol/L
Plasma osmotic pressure>310mmol/L
Mainly loss of intracellular fluid
Reason (people in the desert)
Insufficient input
Lost too much
breathe
skin
kidney
gastrointestinal tract
Effect on the body
Thirst and oliguria
dehydration fever
cerebral hemorrhage
CNS dysfunction
dehydration of brain cells
Prevention and control
Mainly replenish water, supplement sodium appropriately
Hypotonic dehydration (hypovolemic hyponatremia)
Loss more Na than water
Serum Na concentration <135mmol/L
Plasma osmotic pressure <290mmol/L
Mainly loss of extracellular fluid
reason
In the kidney
diuretics
Reduced adrenal cortex function
Renal parenchymal disease
renal tubular acidosis
outside the kidneys
Digestive tube
skin
Gather in the third gap
Effect on the body
signs of dehydration
Low blood pressure
Circulatory disorders (shock)
Brain edema
CNS dysfunction
Brain cell edema
Prevention and control
Supplement normal saline, if hyponatremia is severe, add 3%-5% NaCl solution
Isotonic dehydration (hypovolemic normonatremia)
Water Na is lost proportionally
Serum Na concentration and plasma osmolarity are within normal ranges
Mainly loss of extracellular fluid
reason
Gastrointestinal
skin
Gather in the third gap
Effect on the body
Improper handling can develop into hypertonic dehydration (continuous loss of water) and hypotonic dehydration (excessive supply).
Too much water
Water intoxication (hypervolemic hyponatremia)
Increased body fluid volume
Serum Na concentration <135mmmo/L
Plasma osmotic pressure <290mmol/L
reason
Take in a lot of water
Intravenous infusion too fast
The digestive tract absorbs too much water
Less water drainage
Renal Failure
Excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Effect on the body
High blood pressure
Edema, weight gain
Cell edema (brain edema, red blood cell edema-hemolysis)
Prevention and control
Water restriction for mild cases
severe diuresis
Edema (isotonic water excess)
mechanism
Imbalance of fluid exchange inside and outside blood vessels (tissue generating fluid >> reflux)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure ⬆️ (exudate)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure albumin⬇️
Capillary permeability ⬆️ (exudate)
Lymphatic drainage⬇️
Sodium and water retention (bulbar-tubular imbalance)
Glomerular filtration rate⬇️
Renal tubular reabsorption ⬆️
Features
Edema fluid protein content varies
Leakage
Proportion<<1.015
exudate
Proportion>>1.018
Cardiac edema: low-severity area (swollen from bottom to top) Renal edema: eyes, face Hepatic edema: ascites
Effect on the body
Pros: Dilute toxins, transport antibodies
Disadvantages: nutritional disorders Effect on tissue and organ functions
Potassium metabolism disorders
Normal potassium metabolism (3.5-5.5mmol/L extracellular potassium << extracellular potassium 160mmol/L) Eat more and eat more Eat less and eat less Even if you don’t eat, you can eat
Blood potassium characteristics
Extracellular potassium<<intracellular potassium
Internal and external exchange of cells seriously affects blood potassium concentration
Daily intake and excretion have significant effects on blood potassium concentration
Potassium effect
Participate in cell metabolism
Maintain cell resting potential
Regulate osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Regulation of blood potassium balance
Transcellular transfer (pump-leak mechanism)
Na-K ATPase
K channel (inward rectification)
H-K
Influencing factors
Insulin, extracellular fluid K concentration, acid-base balance, muscle contraction
Renal regulation (chief cells, leap cells)
Distal convoluted tubule collecting duct (competition)
Chief Cell Na-K
Leap cell Na-H
The fate of blood potassium
90% is excreted in the urine through the kidneys
10% is excreted in feces and sweat
Potassium metabolism disorders
Hypokalemia (serum potassium <3.5mmol/L)
Causes and Mechanisms
Intake ⬇️
Obstruction, coma, anorexia
Drain ⬆️
Kidney (main cause of potassium loss in adults)
digestive tract
skin
Extracellular K enters the cell
Alkalosis
Drug beta agonist
Barium and gossypol poisoning
hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Effects on the body
heart
Myocardial physiological characteristics (three high and one low)
Excitability ⬆️
Self-discipline⬆️
Shrinkage ⬆️
Conductivity ⬇️
electrocardiogram
T wave is low and U wave is high
myocardial physiological function
Arrhythmia
Increased myocardial sensitivity to digitalis drugs reduces efficacy
neuromuscular
hyperpolarization block
The phenomenon that the distance between resting potential and threshold potential increases and neuromuscular excitability decreases.
Skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis, and paralysis
central depression
skeletal muscle
Myospasm necrosis, rhabdomyolysis
kidney
Morphological and structural changes
The renal tubular cells swell and become granular, severely affecting the glomeruli and causing interstitial nephritis.
Function changes
Urinary concentrating dysfunction
pH balance
Alkalosis-paradoxical aciduria
Prevention and control
Best taken orally
Intravenous potassium supplementation can only be given when the urine output is >500mL/day.
Four unsuitable
Not early
Not fast
Not too strong
Not too much
Hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5.5mmol/L)
Cause mechanism
Intake ⬆️
Iatrogenic hyperkalemia (stocked blood)
Drain ⬇️
Filter ⬇️
kidney failure
Out of school
shock
secretion of potassium⬇️
Inadequate secretion of aldosterone or hyporesponsiveness to aldosterone
Large amounts of potassium-sparing diuretics
spironolactone
Intracellular K transfers to extracellular
acidosis
Tissue breakdown (hemolysis, extrusion)
Medication beta blockers
Hyperglycemia combined with insulin deficiency
Effect on the body
heart
Myocardial physiological characteristics (four lows)
Excitability ⬇️
Conductivity ⬇️
Self-discipline⬇️
Shrinkage⬇️
electrocardiogram
The T wave is high and the P wave is depressed
skeletal muscle and kidney
Tremor, muscle weakness, muscle paralysis
depolarization block
The phenomenon that the resting potential is equal to or lower than the threshold potential, resulting in reduced cell excitability.
pH balance
Acidosis-paradoxical alkalinuria
Prevention and control
primary disease
Antagonize cardiotoxic effects
Promotes potassium entry into cells
Potassium excretion
4. Acid-base balance disorder
pH balance
acid
Substances that can release H (special NH4)
Type and source
Volatile acid
Metabolism of substances in the body
lung
H2CO3
fixed acid
Food is transformed or oxidized in the body
kidney
protein
H2SO4, H3PO4, uric acid
sugar
Tricarboxylic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid
Fat
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid
base
Substances that can accept H (special NH3)
source
diet
Organic acid salts: citrate, malate, oxalate
Alkali in the body
Metabolism
NH3
Acid-base balance (pH7.35-7.45) Acceptable for life (pH6.8-7.8)
The process by which the body maintains the relative stability of the pH of body fluids through various adjustments.
adjust
blood
HCO3-/H2CO3
significance
Large content and strong buffering capacity
Buffers all fixed acids. Cannot buffer volatile acids.
open-ended
lung
pH ∝[HCO3-]/[H2CO3] control denominator
PaCO2 pH(H) PaO2
kidney
tissue cells
Acid-base balance disorder
Acid-base balance disorder
A pathological process in which the stability of body fluid pH is imbalanced due to excessive or insufficient acid-base load or/and regulatory mechanism disorders.
7. Hypoxia
Commonly used blood oxygen indicators
Blood oxygen partial pressure PO2
Blood oxygen capacity CO2max
Blood oxygen content CO2
Hemoglobin oxygen saturation SO2
Hypoxia classification, causes, blood oxygen changes
Hypotonic hypoxia (PaO2⬇️)
reason
Inhaled oxygen partial pressure is too low (at plateau)
External respiratory dysfunction (stuck after eating jelly)
Heart disease (tetralogy of Carlos)
blood oxygen changes
PaO2 CaO2 CaO2max SaO2 CaO2-CvO2 ⬇️ ⬇️ N/⬆️ ⬇️ N/⬇️
Hematological hypoxia (Hb⬇️)
reason
Reduced amount of hemoglobin (less cars)
Poisoned
CO
Methemoglobinemia
Abnormally increased affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen (seat belt cannot be opened)
blood oxygen changes
PaO2 CaO2 CaO2max SaO2 CaO2-CvO2 N ⬇️ N/⬇️ N/⬇️ ⬇️
circulatory hypoxia (tissue blood flow⬇️)
reason
Whole body: shock, heart failure
Local: ischemia, blood stasis, embolism
blood oxygen changes
PaO2 CaO2 CaO2max SaO2 CaO2-CvO2 N N N N ⬆️
Tissue hypoxia (abnormal tissue oxygenation)
reason
Poisoning: Cyanide
Decreased respiratory enzyme synthesis
mitochondrial damage
blood oxygen changes
PaO2 CaO2 CaO2max SaO2 CaO2-CvO2 N N N N ⬇️
Changes in body function and metabolism during hypoxia
respiratory system
circulatory system
blood system
Central Nervous System
tissue cell changes
pulmonary insufficiency
ventilation
restrictive
Obstructive
Ventilate
diffusion disorder
V/Q ratio imbalance
⬇️Functional diversion
⬆️Dead space ventilation
anatomical shunt