Automatic rhythmic contractions (different sources of excitability)

There is a significant dependence on the calcium ion concentration of the extracellular fluid (different sarcoplasmic networks)

"All-or-none" synchronous shrinking (with or without leap disks)

No forced contraction occurs (effective refractory period)

ventricular systole

ventricular diastole

heart rate

Stroke volume and ejection fraction

Cardiac output and cardiac index

mental reserve

ventricular diastolic function

When normal adults are quiet

Healthy young people are quiet

cardiac stroke volume

heart rate

peripheral resistance

Elastic reservoir function of aorta and large arteries

The relationship between circulating blood volume and vascular volume

central venous pressure

peripheral venous pressure

The level of central venous pressure depends on the relationship between the heart's ejection capacity and the amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins.

mean systemic filling pressure

heart contraction force

Changes in body position and temperature

skeletal muscle compression

respiratory movements

innervation of heart

innervation of blood vessels

Medulla oblongata cardiovascular center

Cardiovascular neurons above the medulla

Baroreceptive reflex (decompression reflex): carotid sinus and aortic arch

Chemoreceptive reflexes: carotid and aortic bodies

Proprioceptive reflexes: skeletal muscle fibers, tendons, and joint capsules