MindMap Gallery Chapter 11 General Introduction to Virology Mind Map
A general introduction to virology mind map, including the morphological structure of viruses, viral proliferation, inheritance and mutation, viral infection and immunity, detection methods and prevention and treatment principles of viral infections, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-03 00:32:43This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Chapter 11 General Introduction to Virology
Morphological structure of virus
size
Measure the size of virions in nanometers
Most are between 30 and 300nm
form
Most viruses are spherical or nearly spherical
A few are rod-shaped, filament-shaped, bullet-shaped and brick-shaped
Phages are tadpole-shaped
structure
nucleocapsid
core
A mass of genetic material that can replicate autonomously
located in the center of the virion
a type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA
small amounts of non-structural proteins
virus-encoded enzymes
capsid
protein shell surrounding nucleic acids
Structure (different according to the arrangement of capsomeres)
spiral symmetry
icosahedral symmetry
double symmetry structure
The main function
Protect viral nucleic acids
Participate in the infection process (virus adsorption protein can Specific adsorption to susceptible cell surface receptors)
Infectious
envelope
The structure wrapped around the nucleocapsid
constitute
protein
polysaccharide
Lipids
The main function
1. Protect the virus: Maintain the integrity of the virion structure
2. Participate in infection: related to virus invasion
3. Antigenic
Are there any protrusions on the surface?
have
coated spores (spikes)
none
enveloped virus
Virus proliferation, inheritance, mutation
proliferation
Virus replication cycle (7 stages)
Adsorption: Viral adsorption proteins bind to surface receptors on susceptible cells
Electrostatic adsorption (random collision)
Non-specific, reversible
non-specific receptor adsorption
Specific, irreversible
Penetration: viral internalization
form
swallow
Fusion
Uncoating: removing the protein capsid to release nucleic acid
At this stage, the virus's infectivity disappears and enters the latent period.
Most are uncoated under the action of host cell lysosomal enzymes
Biosynthesis
nucleic acid replication
protein synthesis
assembly
DNA viruses assemble in the cell nucleus
Most RNA viruses assemble in the cytoplasm
Mature
Unencapsulated
Modification of potential virus adsorption proteins
Glycosylation
Proteolysis
Encapsulated
Acquires an envelope upon release and expresses spikes on the envelope surface
freed
Unencapsulated
Once synchronized, the host cell membrane is destroyed and the cell dies rapidly.
Encapsulated
Released to the outside of the cell through budding, the cell dies slowly
Abnormal proliferation
defective virus
unable to reproduce normally, Complete infectious virus particles cannot be replicated,
genetic locus changes
The viral genome is incomplete
Infection
After the virus enters the host cell, if the cell cannot provide the enzymes, energy and necessary components required for virus proliferation, it will not be able to replicate complete virus particles.
Non-accommodating cells (accommodating cells: can support the virus to complete normal proliferation)
helper virus
A helper-deficient virus that completes normal multiplication.
interference phenomenon
When two viruses infect the same cell, one virus may inhibit the proliferation of the other virus.
Can occur between viruses of the same species, type, and strain
reason
The virus induces cells to produce glycoproteins that inhibit viral replication, namely interferon
The virus destroys the receptor site on the surface of the host cell, Prevent the adsorption or penetration of another virus
Infection with a virus alters host cell metabolism, Prevent translation of second viral mRNA, etc.
Heredity and variation
mutation phenomenon
Virulence variation
drug resistance variants
Antigenic variation
Temperature sensitivity variation
mutation mechanism
1.Gene mutation
2.Gene recombination and reassortment
3. Gene integration
4. Non-recombinant variation
The medical significance of variation
Disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention
Detection methods and prevention and treatment principles of viral infection
Detection
Check for viruses
Check specific antibodies
Prevention and control principles
prevention
treat
Viral infection and immunity
How and types of viral infections are spread
Propagation mode
1. Vertical communication
among different individuals in the crowd
2. Horizontal spread
Passed from parent to offspring of the host
Mainly through the placenta or birth canal, such as rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus
type
1. Hidden infection
The virus invades the body but does not cause clinical symptoms
2. Overt infection
The virus invades the body and proliferates in susceptible cells, producing tissue damage and toxic products, leading to clinical symptoms and signs.
Classification
acute viral infection
persistent viral infection
chronic viral infection
latent viral infection
slow viral infection
Pathogenic mechanism of infection
Direct effects of viruses on host cells
1. Cell killing effect
After the virus replicates in the host cell, it can A large number of progeny viruses are released at once, and the cells are lysed and die.
Cytopathic EffectCPE
2. Steady state infection
Cytopathies are mild and do not dissolve and die within a short period of time, which is common in enveloped viruses.
3. Formation of inclusion bodies
In some virus-infected cells, use Ordinary light microscope can see round or oval plaques that are different from normal cell structure and coloration.
4. Apoptosis
Causes host apoptosis and promotes virus release in cells, But it also limits the number of virions produced by the cell.
5. Gene integration and cell transformation
closely related to tumor formation
Immunopathological effects of viral infection
Antibody-Mediated Immunopathology: Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated immunopathology: hypersensitivity and cellular immunity against self-antigens
Pathological effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines: The massive production of cytokines leads to a series of serious pathological changes.
Immunosuppressive effects: Certain infections can suppress immune function
immune escape
Another important factor reflecting the virulence of the virus. Viruses escape immune responses by evading immune surveillance, preventing immune activation, or preventing immune responses from occurring.
antiviral immunity
innate immunity
Interferon (IFN)
Glycoproteins act on body cells and can show anti-viral and anti- Biological activities in many aspects such as tumors and immune regulation
It has broad-spectrum antiviral effects. It can only inhibit viral replication (protein), but cannot kill viruses. It induces cells to synthesize antiviral drugs. Protein comes into play
Natural killer cells (NK)
adaptive immunity
cellular immunity
CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
Activated Thl
Humoral immunity
virus neutralizing antibodies
IgG, Igll and IgA have different functions
With or without capsule
have
enveloped virus
none
naked virus