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MindMap Gallery Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration

Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration

Respiratory mind map of Chapter 5 of Physiology, in which intrapleural pressure = intrapulmonary pressure - lung retraction force = atmospheric pressure - lung retraction force = lung retraction force, can maintain the expansion of alveoli and small airways, and contribute to venous blood flow and lymphatic reflux.

Edited at 2023-10-31 08:49:29

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Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration

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Outline

breathe

1. Lung ventilation

The power of pulmonary ventilation

direct power

The pressure difference between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

driving force

respiratory muscle exercise

respiratory movements

process

Calm inhalation, active movement during inhalation

During calm exhalation, the exhalation movement is a passive process.

When inhaling forcefully, the inspiratory muscles strengthen their contraction and assist the inspiratory muscles to actively contract.

When exhaling forcefully, the inspiratory and expiratory muscles actively contract

muscle

Main inspiratory muscles: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Main expiratory muscles: internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

Type

Abdominal breathing: diaphragm relaxation activity is the main activity

Chest breathing: Mainly relaxation activity of external intercostal muscles

Calm breathing: respiratory rate 12 to 18 times/minute

Breathe hard: exhaling and inhaling are active processes

intrapulmonary pressure

Definition: gas pressure within the alveoli

Value: When inhaling, the maximum air pressure is 1 to 2 mmHg lower, and when exhaling, the maximum air pressure is 1 to 2 mmHg higher.

Establishing the pressure difference between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure: artificial respiration

intrapleural pressure

Definition: pressure within the pleural cavity

Direct method and indirect method determination

Mechanism of pleural negative pressure formation

The pleural cavity is closed and contains serous fluid

Both the thorax and lungs are elastic

The growth rate of the thorax is faster than that of the lungs, because the lungs are always in a state of expansion and there is lung recoil force.

Intrapleural pressure = intrapulmonary pressure - lung retraction force = atmospheric pressure - lung retraction force = lung retraction force

physiological significance

Maintain alveoli and small airway expansion

Helps in the return of venous blood and lymph fluid

resistance to pulmonary ventilation

Elastic resistance and compliance

Elastic resistance: Elastic resistance of the lungs and thorax

Compliance: the ease with which elastic tissue deforms under the action of external forces

Compliance (C) = change in intrathoracic volume (V)/change in unit wall pressure (P) (L/cmH2O)

Sources of pulmonary elastic resistance

Alveolar surface tension (primary) 2/3 shrinks the alveoli, resists lung expansion, and only prevents inspiration. Can produce hysteresis

Elastic component of lung 2/3

Laplace's law: Pressure at the liquid-gas interface in the alveoli (P) = Surface tension per unit length (2T)/Alveolar radius (r)

pulmonary surfactant

Synthesis and secretion by alveolar type II epithelial cells

Reduce alveolar surface tension and reduce alveolar retraction

Elastic resistance and compliance of the thorax

The elastic resistance of the thorax can be expressed as compliance type (Cchw)

Thoracic compliance = change in thoracic volume/change in transthoracic wall pressure (L/cmH2O)

lungs and chest

Total elastic resistance=Rl R

Total compliance 1/Ctotal=1/Cl 1/Cchw

inelastic resistance

Including inertial resistance, viscous resistance, airway resistance

Airway resistance: The resistance caused by friction between gas molecules and between gas molecules and the airway wall when gas flows through the respiratory tract, accounting for 80% to 90% of the inelastic resistance.

Airway resistance is affected by factors such as gas flow rate, airflow pattern, and airway diameter.

Airway resistance = difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure (cm H2O) / gas flow per unit time (L/s)

Evaluation of pulmonary ventilation function

lung volume

Refers to the amount of gas that the lungs can hold under different conditions

Divided into tidal volume, supplementary inspiratory volume, supplementary expiratory volume and residual volume

Lung capacity

Refers to the combined gas volume of two or more items in the lung volume

Deep inspiratory volume = tidal volume, supplementary inspiratory volume

Functional residual volume = residual volume, supplementary expiratory volume

Vital capacity = tidal volume, expiratory volume, inspiratory volume

pulmonary ventilation

The total amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute

=Tidal volume*Respiratory rate

physiological dead space

alveolar dead space

Ventilation but no blood flow

anatomical dead space

Unable to participate in gas exchange between alveoli and blood

alveolar ventilation

The amount of fresh air inhaled into the alveoli per minute

= (tidal volume - dead space volume) * respiratory rate

2. Lung ventilation and tissue ventilation

gas exchange

power

partial pressure of oxygen and partial pressure of carbon dioxide

principle

partial pressure difference of gas

Molecular weight and solubility of gases

temperature

Diffusion area and distance

ventilation/blood flow ratio

The ratio of alveolar ventilation per minute to pulmonary blood flow per minute

Normal adult quietness is about 0.84

Greater than 0.84 Hyperventilation or relative lack of blood flow

Less than 0.84, insufficient ventilation or relatively excessive blood flow

4. Regulation of breathing movements

respiratory center

A group of neurons in the central nervous system that produce and regulate respiratory movements

spinal cord

primary respiratory center

lower brainstem

pons

Medulla oblongata

basic respiratory center

Reflexive regulation of respiratory movements

chemoreceptive respiratory reflex

chemoreceptors

peripheral chemoreceptors

Feel the excitement

CO2, O2, hydrogen ions in blood

central chemoreceptor

Located superficially on the ventrolateral medulla oblongata

Feel the excitement

CO2, oxygen ions in blood

Don’t feel the stimulation of O2 deficiency

CO2 is the most important physiological stimulating factor in regulating respiratory movements.

pulmonary stretch reflex

Inspiratory depression or inspiratory excitement reflex caused by lung expansion or lung contraction

3. Transport of gases in the blood

form

physical dissolution

Few, premise

chemical bonding

Many, mainly

oxygen transport

form

physical dissolution

1.5%

chemical bonding

98.5%

Features

Oxygen reacts rather than oxidizes. The reaction is rapid and reversible. It is affected by PO2 and does not require enzyme catalysis.

One molecule of Hb can bind to 4 molecules of O2

Evaluate the amount of Hb combined with O2

oxygen capacity

The maximum amount of O2 that Hb can bind to in 100ml of blood

oxygen content

actual combined amount

oxygen saturation

oxygen content/oxygen capacity

Cyanosis

When the Hb content in the blood reaches above 5g/100ml, the skin and mucous membranes will turn blue-purple

Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen in the body

Cyanosis does not necessarily mean hypoxia

high altitude hemoglobinemia

Hypoxia does not necessarily mean cyanosis

Anemia and CO poisoning

oxygen dissociation curve

The reason for the S shape

synergy

One is easier to combine with the other

Type R, increased affinity

One releases the other more easily

T-type, decreased affinity

oxygen dissociation curve

Upper section

60～100mmHg

flat

O2 and Hb combine in alveoli

significance

Arterial blood PO2 is not less than 60mmHg, and blood saturation is maintained above 90%

middle section

40～60mmHg

steeper

The oxygen supply of blood to tissues at rest

lower end

15～40mmHg

steepest

During exercise, the blood releases more O2 to supply tissue cells

significance

Reflects the reserve capacity of blood to supply O2

Influencing factors

Two situations

PCO2 rises, PH falls, 2.3-DPG rises, temperature rises—affinity decreases—shifts to the right—oxygen is released

PCO2 decreases, PH increases, 2.3-DPG decreases, temperature decreases—increases under affinity—shifts to the left—bound oxygen

PCO2 and PH

bohr effect

Mainly related to changes in the conception of Hb when pH changes

The acidity increases, H combines with amino acid residues, Hb changes to T-type, and the affinity for oxygen decreases.

On the contrary, it changes to R type and the affinity increases.

PCO2

direct effect

Binds to Hb to reduce affinity for oxygen

not so useful

introduction effect

By changing the pH

temperature

significance

hypothermic anesthesia

2.3-DPG

Chronic hypoxia, anemia, and high mountain hypoxia, glycolysis increases, red blood cell 2.3-DPG increases, and oxygen release increases

Glycolysis decreases, 2.3-DPG decreases, and O2 affinity increases, making it difficult for O2 to dissociate

Prevent the combination of Hb and O2, and also hinder the dissociation

Cherry red PO2 may be normal

other factors

Hb and Fe2 are oxidized to Fe3 and lose the ability to bind oxygen.

Fetuses have a higher affinity for oxygen than adults

transport of carbon dioxide

form

physical dissolution

chemical bonding

HCO3-

main

React with water

Proceeds within red blood cells with Cl- transfer

The reaction is rapid and reversible and requires carbonic anhydrase catalysis

The direction of reflection depends on the level of PCO2

In the lungs, reactions proceed to the left

In organizations, reactions proceed to the right

Carbamoyl hemoglobin Hb CO2

Hb combined with CO2

No enzyme catalysis is required, the reaction is rapid and reversible

It is important for the lungs to excrete CO2

dissociation curve

Close to linear

The ordinate is CO2 concentration

Influencing factors

Holden effect

Whether Hb is combined with O2 is the main factor affecting CO2 transport

The combination of Hb and O2 can promote the release of CO2, and the Hb that releases CO2 is more likely to combine with CO2.

CO2 affects O2 transport through the Bohr effect, and O2 affects CO2 transport through the Holden effect.