MindMap Gallery High School Biology-Cell Mind Map
An article about high school biology-cell mind map, a compulsory knowledge point ①, including elements and compounds in cells, The role of water and inorganic salts, etc.
Edited at 2023-10-30 21:46:58This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
cell
elements and compounds in cells
elements that make up cells
Main elements: CH O N P
Macroelements: C H O N P S Ca Mg Na Cl
Trace elements: Fe Mn B Zn Mo Cu Co Se
compound
inorganic compounds
Water (85%~90%), inorganic salt (1%~1.5%)
organic compounds
Protein (7%~10%), lipids (1%~2%), carbohydrates and nucleic acids (1%~1.5%)
The role of water and inorganic salts
water
free water
Water is a good solvent within cells. Many substances can dissolve in water, providing a liquid environment for cells, transporting nutrients and metabolic waste, and participating in biochemical reactions.
bound water
Water, which is bound by other substances in the cell (such as proteins) and cannot flow freely, is the main component of the cell.
Inorganic salt
Existing form
The content of inorganic salts in cells is very small, accounting for about 1% of the weight of the cells. Most of them exist in the form of ions in the cells.
effect
The main component of some complex compounds within cells
Participate in maintaining normal metabolic activities of cells
Maintain the stability of physical and chemical properties of living organisms
Osmotic balance
Acid-base balance (pH stability)
Sugars and lipids in cells
Sugar (generally containing C, H, O)
Monosaccharide
five carbon sugar
Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) and ribose (C5H10O5)
six carbon sugar
Glucose, fructose, galactose (all C6H12O6)
Disaccharide (C12H33O11)
Sucrose: Glucose Fructose
Maltose: Glucose Glucose
Lactose: Glucose Galactose
Polysaccharide (C6H10O5)n
Starch (hydrolysis product is glucose)
Cellulose
glycogen
Chitin (chitin) (C8H13O5N)n
Lipids【C,H,O,(N,P)】
Fat
Contains only three elements: C, H, and O. It is formed by the reaction of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. An important energy storage substance in cells, it has the functions of heat preservation, buffering, decompression, etc. It can protect internal organs and can be hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids.
Phospholipids
In addition to C, H, O, it also contains P and even N elements Forms an important part of the cytoplasmic membrane, organelle membrane and nuclear membrane
Sterols only contain three elements: C, H, and O
sex hormones
Promote the development of human and animal reproductive organs and the formation of germ cells, stimulate and maintain secondary sexual characteristics
Vitamin D
Promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in humans and animals
cholesterol
Participates in the transportation of fat in the blood, is a raw material for the synthesis of other sterols, and is also one of the components of the plasma membrane of animal cells.
Lipids have higher hydrogen content than sugar but lower oxygen content
Cellular proteins and nucleic acids
protein
composition
Essential amino acids: phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine
The basic unit of protein is amino acid. Each amino acid molecule contains at least one amino group (NH2) and one carboxyl group (COOH), and both have an amino group and a carboxyl group connected based on the same carbon atom. This carbon atom is also separately Attached to a side chain group (R) and a hydrogen atom
effect
①Catalysis: Almost all biochemical reactions require enzyme catalysis, and the vast majority of enzymes are proteins. ②Transportation: Hemoglobin transports oxygen; lipoproteins transport fat from the liver to other parts of the body along with the blood flow ③Exercise: Some proteins in muscles are related to muscle contraction and relaxation. ④Defense: Antibodies are a type of protein with immune function; coagulation factors are a type of protein that can protect injured blood vessels. ⑤Regulation: Growth hormone is a protein that can regulate the growth and development of the human body. ⑥Structure: Protein is the main substance that makes up DNA.
nucleic acid
DNA
Basic unit: deoxynucleotide
Nucleotide
Adenine deoxynucleotide, guanine deoxynucleotide, cytosine deoxynucleotide, thymine deoxynucleotide
base
Guanine (G), adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
Five-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
RNA
Basic unit: ribonucleotide
Nucleotide
Adenine deoxynucleotide, guanine deoxynucleotide, cytosine deoxynucleotide, uracil deoxynucleotide
base
Guanine (G), adenine (A), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
Five-carbon sugar: ribose
Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information
Distribution of nucleic acids
eukaryotic cells
DNA: Mainly distributed in the nucleus, with a small amount present in mitochondria and chloroplasts
RNA: mainly distributed in the cytoplasm
Both DNA and RNA are distributed in the cytoplasm of cells and nuclei, but their contents are different.
prokaryotic cells
DNA: mainly distributed in the nucleoid, with a small amount present in the cytoplasm
RNA: mainly distributed in the cytoplasm
Virus
A virus contains only one nucleic acid
composition of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are long chains of linked nucleotides
Composition elements: C, H, O, N, P
Judgment of different biological nucleic acids, nucleotides, base types and genetic materials
Eukaryotes, prokaryotes (bacteria, humans, plants, etc.)
DNA, RNA, 8 kinds of nucleotides, 5 kinds of bases (A, T, G, C, U), the genetic material is DNA
Virus
DNA viruses (phages, etc.)
DNA, 4 kinds of nucleotides, 4 kinds of bases (A, T, G, C)
RNA viruses (tobacco mosaic virus, SARS virus, etc.)
RNA, 4 kinds of nucleotides, 4 kinds of bases (A, U, G, C)