Saturated alcohol

unsaturated alcohol

aromatic alcohol

Monohydric alcohol

diol

Polyol

Luska's reagent can be used to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with less than five carbon atoms.

Primary alcohol (primary alcohol)

Secondary alcohol (secondary alcohol)

Tertiary alcohol (tertiary alcohol)

The more hydroxyl groups, the higher the boiling point

The fewer branches, the higher the boiling point

The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point

As the alkyl area increases, water solubility decreases

Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary quaternary carbons using Format reagents

In acidic conditions, H combines with -OH which is difficult to remove and becomes H2O which is easy to remove, making the reaction easier to proceed. Mechanism: For benzyl, allyl, tertiary and secondary alcohols, the reaction mechanism is SN1, and most primary alcohols are SN2.

Rearrangement of SN1

alcohol halogenated reagent = halogenated hydrocarbon

Reactivity and elimination direction

Follow the trans elimination rules and mainly generate trans products

Rearrangements may occur to produce more stable alcohols

Reagent selection

Oxidation type

Utilize olefins

Utilize halogenated hydrocarbons

Utilize aldehydes or ketones

Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydrolysis of epoxy compounds

reason

Influencing factors

Anything with an enol structure can undergo a color reaction

Example

rule

mechanism

When heated by a Lewis acid, Fores rearrangement occurs

The hydroxyl group is the first type of positioning group, which activates the phenyl group to obtain ortho-para phenol.

When CS2 is used as the solvent, the para product can be selectively obtained.

ortho product

Para product

Can be separated by steam distillation

Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and boron trifluoride are often used as catalysts

Easily oxidized to pink quinone, it is often used as an antioxidant

About 0.6t of acetone can be obtained per ton of phenol

Simple ether (symmetric ether)

Mixed ethers

Aromatic ethers

ring-shaped

Hydrocarbyl ether

Write down the hydrocarbon groups in sequence Simple base first phenyl first

The smaller hydrocarbon group and oxygen together are called an oxygen group

It also has good coordination effect on metals (Grignard reagent)

Generally, smaller hydrocarbon groups form halogenated hydrocarbons (The reaction of tertiary hydrocarbyl ethers produces tertiary haloalkanes)

Mechanism: After the oxygen cation is formed, the ether bond is easily broken SN2 reaction

It will automatically oxidize to peroxide at room temperature, and peroxide is easy to explode when heated, so ether compounds cannot be evaporated to dryness by distillation.

Acid-catalyzed ring opening

Base-catalyzed ring opening