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MindMap Gallery photography
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photography
A summary of the basic knowledge of photography, including knowledge of light, shooting (exposure) mode, focal length, framing and composition, common photography themes, and common filters. If you are interested, you can take a look.
Edited at 2023-10-28 20:53:52
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- Outline
photography
light
exposure
Qualified exposure: bright should not be excessive, dark should have details
Aperture (F)
Affects the amount of light entering and depth of field
The smaller the number, the larger the aperture and let in more light
The larger the aperture, the shallower the depth of field, and the subject is clear and the background is blurred. The smaller the aperture, the deeper the depth of field, and both the subject and background will be clear.
shutter
Control the time of light entering
High shutter speed freezes the moment, low shutter speed records the trajectory
Sensitivity (ISO)
Refers to the light-sensitive capabilities of the camera hardware
The higher the sensitivity, the stronger the photosensitivity, the rougher the picture and the more noise; The lower the sensitivity, the weaker the photosensitivity and the more delicate the picture.
white balance
Compensate for the effects of light
Unit: K (Kelvin temperature unit)
Standard color temperature range: The colors presented in the range of 5200~5700K are restored to nature High: blue, low: red
The white balance value and the color temperature value are opposite
light quality
Direct light (hard light)
The space has a strong sense of structure and the shadows are prominent, giving the photographed characters a tough feel.
Diffuse light (soft light)
light position
Definition - refers to the position of the light source relative to the camera and the subject, that is, the direction and angle of the light
type
Shunguang
Don’t let the sun shine directly on your face, and pay attention to capturing the person’s expressions.
Backlight
Pay attention to fill light when shooting with backlight
Common fill light methods: reflector, external flash, built-in flash
side light
top light
Bottom light
Scattered light
Cloudy or cloudy
light ratio
definition
The ratio of the main light source and the auxiliary light source. When the main and auxiliary phases are relatively small, the light ratio is small, and vice versa.
The greater the light ratio, the more obvious the contrast
Shooting (exposure) mode
M file (manual exposure)
subtopic
A (AV) mode (aperture priority)
It means that the aperture can be controlled manually, while the shutter is automatically calculated by the camera.
S (TV) mode (shutter priority)
Refers to the fact that the shutter can be manually controlled, while the aperture is automatically calculated by the camera.
P file (program automatic)
A (fully automatic exposure)
focal length
Reflects the viewing angle
The shorter the focal length, the wider the field of view and the deeper the depth of field (i.e. the clearer the background)
lens
Wide angle (<24mm)
The viewing range is large and is mostly used for shooting scenery, architecture and exaggerated perspective effects.
Standard (about 50mm)
The range is similar to what the human eye can see, suitable for shooting standard portraits, still lifes, products, group photos, etc.
Medium telephoto (70~135mm)
Suitable for portraits
Telephoto (>135mm)
The viewing range is small, suitable for shooting animals and sports.
focus
AF (auto focus)
The difference between the three focus methods of Nikon cameras (AF-S, AF-C, AF-A) AF-S (single-servo autofocus) - focusing on stationary objects AF-C (continuous servo autofocus) - for sports AF-A (auto-servo autofocus) – for stills and sports
Canon’s three autofocus modes: ONE SHOT (single focus mode) Al SERVO (continuous focus mode) Al FOCUS (auto intelligent focus mode)
definition
Single focus mode: After pressing the shutter release button halfway to complete focusing, if you recompose the picture and the focus subject changes, you will have to manually refocus.
Continuous focus mode: After pressing the shutter release button halfway to complete focusing, if you recompose the picture, the focus will be automatically refocused if the focus subject changes.
Auto focus mode: Automatically select one of the above two focus modes
MF (manual focus)
You can press the shutter at any time
Requires lens focus adjustment
Framing and composition
scene
Vision
panoramic
medium close shot
close up
perspective
high viewing angle
broad
low angle of view
Highlight the subject's height
flat viewing angle
steady
perspective
linear perspective
Big near, small far, closer to the center
aerial perspective
The color changes mainly, the closer the color is, the darker it becomes
foreground and background
prospect
effect
Enhance atmosphere and provide information
Increase the sense of space in the picture
Balanced picture
background
effect
highlight the subject
Enrich topic connotation and provide information
composition
Plane composition
definition
Plane composition refers to how to arrange people, scenery, and objects in the picture to obtain the best layout. It is the method of combining images and the sum of all means of revealing images. Handle the points, lines, and surfaces in the picture well.
Watch more, learn more, practice more
tone
high profile
Shooting method
1) Use light-colored or white backgrounds, costumes and props, with light (white) accounting for more than 80% and dark (less than 20%). 2) Generally use front light (smooth light) to shoot, the light ratio is no more than 1:1.5, and use light gray outlines to separate people from the background. 3) When shooting with a digital camera, the exposure should be accurate. In slightly darker situations, the brightness of the photo can be appropriately increased in post-production. 4) High-profile works generally feature half-length close-ups, and the background brightness is 1.5 times brighter than the subject (between 0.5-1.5 stops)
middle note
Most of them are mid-tone, with light and dark accounting for 50% each.
low profile
Shooting method
(1) The background, costumes and props should be mainly black or dark colors. (2) Use side light or side backlighting, and control the light ratio above 1:3.5. Dark ones account for more than 80%, and bright ones account for less than 20%. (3) When shooting, you can accurately expose the bright part or overexpose by 0.5 stops. (4) Use contour light to brighten the hair to separate the subject from the background.
Composition requirements
The scenes are mainly close-ups and half-lengths
portrait
composition method
Nine-square grid method
central composition method
Relatively stable, suitable for close-ups of characters, headshots, double shots or situations where the background is relatively symmetrical
Hanging angle composition
Putting people in the corner shows the feeling of adaptability and longing
composition form
Comparison between reality and reality
Compare the sizes
When the size ratio of two people is inconsistent, you can use size comparison to neutralize it.
contrast between far and near
color contrast
Use color contrast between the background and the characters
Silhouette expression
Pay attention to highlight the outline, generally use the side face position
angle
flat shot
When shooting flatly, the lens and the subject are on the same line, and there is no obvious perspective deformation of the subject. The visual effect is the same as people's normal experience of viewing things, and the shooting effect appears natural, objective, equal, and friendly. Under normal circumstances, when shooting portraits, the camera height is equal to the subject's waist for full-length portraits, the camera height is equal to the subject's chest for half-length portraits, and the camera height is equal to the subject's eyes for close-up portraits.
Looking up
When shooting from above, the lens is lower than the eye level of the subject, and the subject is shot upward from a low position. At this time, the subject appears tall and has a slender body. If it is a close-up shot of the whole body, the legs will appear to be long and the body will be short, which visually gives the person a tall and straight body. Dial the feeling.
overhead shot
When shooting from above, the lens is higher than the eye level of the subject. When shooting from a high place, the subject will appear low and the body is compressed. If it is a close-up portrait, H will look like a person with a narrow chin. Visually, it can give people a sense of elegance.
Common photography themes
sunrise and sunset
Choice of shooting location
The chosen location should be relatively open and the terrain should be high. When shooting in the wild, choose a location with relatively high terrain, such as a mountain. The shooting angle should be from a high point downwards, so that there will be no unnecessary objects near or on the ground blocking the sun when taking the view, which is conducive to the main content. Performance. When the sun rises, the mountains are backlit, creating a hierarchical effect. If you are shooting in a city, you can choose a taller building, which will have the same effect and richer layers.
Choice of shooting time
Sunrise and sunset are very time-sensitive, and their performance is different in different seasons and time periods. This requires us to pay great attention to the choice of shooting time between shots. From a seasonal perspective, the best seasons for shooting sunrises and sunsets are spring and autumn. In these two seasons, the sun rises later and sets earlier than in summer, which is beneficial to photography. There are more clouds in spring and autumn, which can increase the effect of photography.
How to meter light
To better reflect the characteristics of clouds in the sky, the light should be measured according to the medium-brightness part of the clouds, and attention should also be paid to avoiding the strong light of the sun from affecting the accuracy of photometry. Usually, you can choose the "center-weighted metering mode" to meter the medium-brightness parts of the sky and clouds. If you choose the average metering mode, the accuracy of the metering may be affected by the darker ground scenes, resulting in overexposure.
Pay attention to composition
When shooting and framing, the sun should be placed at an interesting point in the picture, and attention should be paid to the selection and processing of the foreground. When processing the foreground, you can choose representative objects, such as small trees, grass, branches, rocks, etc. Under backlighting, these foregrounds often appear in silhouette in front of the picture, thereby enhancing the depth effect of the picture. .
Waterfall
Shutter choice
Use a fast shutter speed to capture splashing water and rushing scenes; Use a slow shutter speed to capture the foggy water flow and the overall water writing effect.
Weather options
If you want to shoot with a slow shutter speed, it’s best to choose it in the evening or when the light is not very strong, or buy a light-reducing filter. Use the right weather and the right time for your waterfall photography, and you can give yourself more options by shooting with longer shutter speeds.
Low ISO
Choosing a lower ISO means your camera sensor is sensitive and requires the shutter to be open longer; it will mean your shots will be given better detail, sharper, and less grain.
fireworks
How to record the process of fireworks blooming
Set a small aperture so that the depth of field range of the picture is large and the range of clarity is large;
Use manual focus to focus at infinity;
Pay attention to the timing of pressing the shutter, and use B to shoot;
Use a tripod to ensure stability and perfectly record the trajectory of the fireworks.
Choice of shooting location
When shooting fireworks, you should choose a location downwind. The wind can blow away the smoke produced by the fireworks and keep the picture clean.
You can use the reflection of the lake surface to enrich the picture level, or you can use the night view of the city as a foil to avoid the monotony of the picture.
night view
portrait
camera flash
built-in
Comes with camera
The power is limited, and the effective flash distance is generally about 5m. The position of the lamp is fixed, usually with smooth lighting, and the picture is relatively dull.
External
Extra outside
Large power, generally effective up to 10m Flexible lamp position
How to control the exposure of night scenes
Choose a background with lighting effects to reflect the atmosphere of the character in the environment
The flash illuminates the subject and can use the strong light in the environment as external flash.
scenery
Time choice
Before the sun sets in the evening, the sky is blue and yellowish
Attachments required
tripod
Shutter release
Can be replaced with Bluetooth remote control
flashlight
Many shooting locations may not have street lights, so walking in the dark is quite dangerous; If you want to shoot the Milky Way, star trails and other subjects, you need a flashlight to provide lighting to facilitate camera operation, focus on the scenery, etc.; In addition, it can be equipped with LED lights and hats with lights;
Common filters
Protective glass
Be applicable
All themes
effect
Resistant to stains, scratches, and a certain degree of moisture resistance
UV mirror
Be applicable
All themes
effect
It can effectively filter out ultraviolet rays to improve the clarity of photos, providing a more realistic and Gorgeous pictures, but also play a certain protective role.
Polarizer/PL mirror
Be applicable
All themes
effect
Eliminate mirror reflection, darken the sky, express blue sky and white clouds, and slow down the shutter speed; There are two specifications in the market: linear bias and circular bias, and the former is rarely used.
ND neutral density filter
Be applicable
landscape photography
effect
Function: Reduce shutter speed to prevent overexposure, suitable for Take long exposure photos during the day when the light is strong.
Hard edge GND neutral gray gradient mirror
Be applicable
landscape photography
effect
Reduce the brightness of the sky and balance the exposure of the sky, ground, and ocean; generally speaking, There is a relatively obvious dividing line, which is suitable for shooting subjects with a clear horizon.
Soft edge GND neutral gray gradient mirror
Be applicable
landscape photography
effect
The soft-edged mid-gray gradient mirror is easier to control, and the light and dark gradient lines are not obvious. Suitable for shooting mountains where the transition is not very even and sharp.
RGND reverse neutral gray gradient filter
Be applicable
landscape photography
effect
The difference between the GND gradient neutral density filter and the reverse gradient filter is that the closer to the middle, the darker it becomes. Effectively block the highlight objects in the center of the picture and balance the exposure of the upper, lower and middle parts.
close-up lens
Be applicable
macro photography
effect
Shorten the lens focusing distance and magnify the photographed object
black and white filter
Be applicable
All themes
effect
Function: Black and white filters are generally divided into four colors: yellow, green, orange and red, which can absorb Different wavelengths of light produce black and white photos with different effects.
yellow
Highlight the contrast of blue shadows and highlight the layers of blue sky and white clouds
green
It can prevent outdoor portraits from looking too pale
orange
Suitable for shooting sunrise and sunset, with bright colors
red
Can deepen the tones of blue sky and sea water and increase contrast