through

absorb

reflection

scattering

electronic polarization

electron energy state transition

The reflected ray and the incident ray lie in the same plane and are on both sides of the normal line.

The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence

When light is transmitted from an optically dense medium to an interface of an optically sparse medium, all light is reflected back into the original medium.

The refraction line is located in the incident plane and is on both sides of the normal line with the incident line.

For monochromatic light, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.

Ionic radius of the elements that make up the material

Crystal structure and crystal form of materials

The internal stress present in the material

Isomers

Definition: When a light beam passes through an anisotropic medium, the refracted light will split into two beams and propagate in different directions. This phenomenon of refraction of one incident light into two beams is called birefringence.

Root cause: Anisotropy of crystal structure

UV absorption area

Infrared absorption area

For the same material, the shorter the wavelength, the greater the refractive index.

The shorter the wavelength, the greater the dispersion rate

Different materials, the same wavelength, the larger the refractive index, the larger the dispersion rate

There is no simple quantitative relationship between the dispersion curves of different materials.

Tyndall scattering

Mie scattering

Rayleigh scattering

According to the frequency difference from Rayleigh lines: Brillouin scattering rays and Raman scattering rays

According to frequency: Stokes lines and anti-Stokes lines

Photoluminescence

cathodoluminescence

electroluminescence